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<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">COMMENTARY:</font></font></p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">The
opening quote sets the ironic nature of the entire Judeo-Christian
scheme of salvation – expecting a secular power to redeem the Jews
in this world, the Christ whom Christians believe in was very
different – a humble carpenter who scorned secular authority. In
Anatole France’s “Procurator of Judea”, from which the opening
quote comes, Pilate goes over the political machinations of his
career and its significance, but of course his name is only
remembered in history for his worldly authority over Christ. His
name is known because of something (in France’s story) he has
forgotten, something he never realized would have an impact on the
world, even spreading and promulgating through Rome.</font></font></p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">The
United States has clearly been shaken up politically – with a
capital in Niagara but extant cities throughout West Virginia,
Georgia, and Texas still probably under a moved central government,
the only sign we have for what has happened is increasing
mechanization and widespread unemployment. People must live off the
“card” - a poor government stipend. There is no trace of
anything bad happening to Washington D.C., but it is absent from the
text.</font></font></p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">Tib
becomes a wonder worker though he has no real-world presence, called
by Mr. Parker a ghost, his identity destroyed because he has no
social status or importance. Two basic mythic patterns can explain
Tib – the primary question in the text is whether he has two sets
of parents (as Silk does in </font></font><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3"><i>The
Book of the Long Sun</i></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">)
– is he truly one of the affluent and doomed gifted children
produced experimentally, who are hunted to extinction (as children at
the birth of Moses and Jesus were), or if he arose naturally through
the humble poor children used as controls in the experiment. In the
later case, there is only one father and mother figure, and that
father is moved to treachery by societal forces. One of these
patterns follows the Hindu origin story of Krishna as an avatar of
Vishnu, the other the Christian one – the humble birth of the
Jewish carpenter into an oppressed people, whose miraculous nature is
both fully divine and fully human. The importance of this distinction
in the text lies in separating the father and mother images in Tib’s
visions.</font></font></p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">Tib’s
child’s perspective pictures the angels as fantasies, and though
there is no indication that he has ever read Baum’s Oz books, that
conflation carries the syncretism of Dr. Prathivi to a new level: the
miraculous dream of Oz contextualizes divine power, perhaps even
creating a kind of </font></font><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3"><i>Pilgrim’s
Progress</i></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">
as Tib performs miracles. It definitely seems that the point at which
the Oz visions clearly enter the waking world follow Tib's baptism at
the hands of Nitty, though before this point he still performed
miracles.</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3"> Little
Tib’s quest for Sugarland, ironically, is for a real place in Texas
in the Houston Area incorporated in 1959 and founded as a sugar
plantation. Either chosen because of Sugarland’s pleasing name or
because it is where his family lived, his trip there is filled with
all kinds of miraculous and visionary events, and though he perceives
it as a kind of paradise, it is likely that it will be ordinary.
People know who you are there, according to Tib – in the rest of
society, people only know what their eyes tell them.</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3"> The
fantastic slowly enters the waking world over the course of the
novella, and Little Tib is definitely awake by the time he dances
over the cliff with the lion, whom he identifies as an angel. There
is ultimately no distinction between the spiritual and physical
worlds by the end, and it is Tib who pictures the spiritual realm of
the angels as the magical world of Oz. The charlatanry of Oz from
the books becomes a symbol of genuine miraculous spirituality
throughout the story.</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">BLINDNESS
AND “EYEFLASH”:</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3"> The
blindness of Tib highlights another one of the beautiful themes of
the story: black, white; rich, poor; young, old – these
distinctions are irrelevant to Tib. Only touch, human interaction,
and how people treat one another matter. Physical boundaries and
obstacles don’t matter – he can dance on air or squeeze through
walls – the miraculous world slowly becomes the real world for Tib
when he is not deceived by his eyes. </font></font>
</p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">The
characters of Nitty and Mr. Parker play with this light and dark
imagery, but it is Mr. Parker who forgets about his friend and
custodian by the end – and rather than express ire or displeasure,
Nitty simply continues on, saying that often blacks and whites are
both guilty of forgetting when they are helped by someone different
than themselves. The story makes a point to explicate that Nitty’s
stereotyped dialect is a show assumed for the brain damaged Mr.
Parker and society as a whole. Tib can never see the external
differences between Prathivi, Nitty, and Mr. Parker – blindness is
actually an advantage to him in perceiving spiritual truths, though
it has deprived him of an identity in this society.</font></font></p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">An
eyeflash is actually an eye injury and irritation that occurs after
being exposed to harsh UV and infrared light. The attempt to
identify and neutralize Tib through retinal scanning results in his
complete freedom from their rigid social structure and identification
system.</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">FEMALE
AUTHORITY FIGURES:</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3"> The
king of Oz is a woman that Tib recognizes as his mother, though she
does not look like her. The giantess, also called his mother, will
sweep him away if he is not careful. The railway police are two
women, and the doctor is also a female. Save for the man in the
white coat who denies knowledge of Tib and claims he is “nobody”,
the only male with a prominent position seems to be Tib’s father as
an avatar of Indra, and even that is something akin to being a pawn
working for others. The president of the United States mentioned in
the text is male, however.</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">LITERARY
ALLUSIONS:</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3"> The
copious Oz references are recounted in the summary above, though I
refer readers to William Ansley’s more specific postings on the
Urth Mailing List referenced below, linked by Matthew Groves. Most of
those references are to the original Baum book – for the most part
the characters serve as spiritual guides and aides to Tib.</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3"> The
opening quote highlights the theme of the story: our secular
understanding of events and people often misses their true relevance
entirely, and Tib, Nitty, and Mr. Parker being cast out as irrelevant
and extraneous members of society is distorted and invalid. Their
true significance is something far more numinous and miraculous.
Social status does not equate to value, but Tib’s ability to
generate an income in this particular society has been relegated to
zero – he has no identity and no worth without his eyes.</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3"> The
novella also shows a slow progression from realistic low mimesis
fiction to fantasy as the two worlds interact and overlap. At first
these are separated into dreaming and waking worlds, but soon the
presence of the Oz manifestations are definitely present when Tib is
awake, influencing and helping him. </font></font>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">RELIGIOUS
ALLUSIONS:</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3"> Tib
is identified with both the boy Krishna and Jesus. Both are
responsible for extreme reforms in their respective religious
systems. The play which Dr. Prithivi hopes to enact is a pivotal
scene in Hindu philosophy that marks a turning away from a religion
of appeasement and sacrifice to one based more on karma and dharma,
performing one's duties with regard to all life. Krishna, the god
Vishnu given flesh and born as a boy, convinces his village to stop
sacrifice and worship to Indra, the god of the clouds, because it is
the nearby natural mountain Govardhan that provides for their needs.
This angers Indra, and he brings a storm to punish them. Krishna
lifts up the mountain to protect the village from the storm. The real
play is interrupted by a storm here.</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3"> Besides
this scene, we must mention the birth of Krishna. King Kamsa was
disturbed by a prophecy that his sister Devaki's eighth child would
kill him, so he locked her away. After killing the first six children
she conceived, Vishnu became involved and ordered the seventh child
switched out of the womb with the eight handed goddess Yogmaya.
After the manifestation of that goddess to Kamsa, Vishnu entered
Devaki's womb and became her eighth child, known as Krishna. The
goddess put his guards to sleep and he escaped to be raised in a
small village by cowherds, where eventually he would philosophically
defeat Indra and return to destroy King Kamsa as well.</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3"> Christ's
story is one of God born in a manger into relative poverty, turning
the concept of the secular Messiah on its head and healing the poor
and the sick, providing spiritual balm. At his own birth, there are
two fairly distinctive gospel accounts of Jesus' nativity. In Luke,
Joseph and Mary are traveling from Nazareth for the census and stop
to give birth in a manger in Bethlehem. In Matthew, King Herod has
ordered the death of all children under the age of two in Bethlehem
and Jesus' family flees to Egypt before later going to Nazareth. This
is the story Tib thinks of when speaking to Indra. </font></font>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3"> These
multiple accounts of origin all apply to Little Tib. Under the first
scenario, that of his identification with Krishna, he would have been
born in the wealthier and affluent “experimental” group and then
switched with a poor child. Under the Christian scenario, he would
have been born of the poor family, as in a manger, and had only one
set of parents.</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3"> One
further religious element outside of the baptism can be seen in the
symbolism of the lion discussed above and the slaying of the demon
Hiranyakasipu by Vishnu on the side of Dr. Prithivi's bus. This is
paralleled with the casting out the demon legion into pigs recounted
in three of the gospels. Through Hiranyakasipu's name's meaning, we
see that he is the gnome king as well as the computer, and his tale
highlights the futility of desiring power over others. Hiranyakasipu
even tries to kill his own son for his devotion to Vishnu, which also
has expression in the Wolfe novella. Tib feels that he is in front of
the computer again when he faces his father after the Indra masks
comes off on Prithivi's stage, and in many ways George Tibb is
possessed by Legion too, and is therefore symbolically Hiranyakasipu
as well as Indra (both overcome by Krishna).</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3"> One
final allusion that cements Tib's association with Christ is the
awful feeling he gets sitting in the wooden chair with its wooden
arms, so reminiscent of a crucifix. This would seem to be the best
argument (as well as the thought of the new baby which looks so very
old which Prithivi's flue music invokes) that when the Wizard says
that Tip wound up being “the ruler of us all”, he is literally
referring to Tib's identity and destiny as the divine come again.</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">MR.
JEFFERSON VS. GEORGE TIBBS</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3"> In
the final scenes of the novella, the character who provides the most
exposition is the man who wears the mask of Indra. The primary
question is whether Little Tib is the natural son of George Tibbs or
if he is indeed one of the children from the experimental group, the
only affluent one who escaped destruction. Is the father who comes
for him behind the mask of Indra a wealthy man who exercises real
power or a brainwashed and conditioned poor man? </font></font>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3"> It
seems both versions of Tib's paternity could possibly be true, for
the Wizard, when he finally appears, reverses time. While both
visitors to the school for the blind are identified as Tib's father,
one gives his name as Mr. Jefferson and Tib knows that he will have a
“nice” car. The other is George Tibbs, who gets into the
Biogenetic Engineering Program through its agricultural program. He
is definitely the poor father of Tib's “old” home, the one where
the mother would swat at a rat with a broom. In the final outcome, it
seems that Tib was indeed always one of the poor children, and the
story of Christ the model rather than that of Krishna.</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3"> The
presence of the engineered children is a false secular explanation –
contrary to what Indra claims, sometimes Gods really are born in
cowsheds.</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">NAMES
AND TIBB'S EVE</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3"> While
it might be a coincidence, there is a modern holiday known as Tibb's
Eve (and also Tipp's Eve) which is held at the end of the Advent
season, December 23<sup>rd</sup>, during which it is appropriate to
drink. The timing of this is fortuitous for our novella, and perhaps
its promise of celebration is more appropriate as an allusion than
its reputation for the consumption of alcohol.</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">George
means “earth worker.” Tibb can be derived from Theobold, which
implies “bold people”. </font></font>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">Parker's
last name simply means “keeper of the park.”</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">Prithivi
is the Sanskrit name for “earth” and can also imply “that which
holds everything.”</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">UNANSWERED
QUESTIONS:</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3"> Why
are spiritual visitations and powers manifested as the figures of Oz
to Tib, beyond the aforementioned “sense of wonder” of a young
boy, where the stories of religion and fantasy are both full of awe? </font></font>
</p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">Is
Little Tib a Christ figure or more like a wonder-worker favored by
angelic forces? The feeling of dread associated with the wooden arms
of the chair suggest that he is indeed somehow Christ, as does the
opening quote from Anatole France's story.</font></font></p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">Does
the Wizard actually completely change reality in the final scenes of
the novel, altering the story of Tib's paternity, or was Mr.
Jefferson a cover for George Tibbs and only the cover identity
erased? Tibbs did fancy that he was related to important people or
presidents, and this perhaps suggest that Mr. Jefferson is simply a
pseudonym and false identity. (Does Little Tib only have one set of
parents, or two?) I lean towards the one set, which aligns more with
the Christian metaphor and Jesus' relative obscurity (highlighted in
the opening quote from Anatole France) rather than the story of
Krishna.</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">CONNECTION
WITH OTHER WORKS</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3"> Despite
the bleak future of poverty and the increasing scorn for menial
workers and educators inherent in an automated future, the small
betrayal of Parker, and the large betrayal of Little Tib’s father,
this story offers a fairly unambiguous ray of redemption and hope.
The increasing infiltration of fantasy and the spiritual as the
narrative continues echoes another of Wolfe’s examinations of the
underlying reality of the spiritual world – “Trip, Trap” –
though our ending here is tinged with far less irony. “Westwind”
was more overt in its exploration of the relationship between the
Deity and his creations, but He was separate and distant, unable to
interfere in the lives of his subjects, solely providing a cathartic
reassurance in the form of metaphorical prayer. In “The Eyeflash
Miracles”, we see spiritual assistance and interference from start
to finish. Nitty’s acceptance of being forgotten by Mr. Parker and
the removal of the mask from Tib’s father are purely redemptive in
nature. Though filled with tears from start to finish, the novella
is one of the few works in Wolfe’s output in the 1970s that has an
unambiguously triumphant ending , though Little Tib has not arrived
at his final destination. Sometimes it is the path that is important,
paved with gold or not.</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">RESOURCES:</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0.5in">
<font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">Ansley, William.
“Ozflash Revised.” Urth.net Mailing List, Volume 24. 8 March
1999. Web. 5 September 2014.
<</font></font><font color="#000080"><span lang="zxx"><u><a href="http://www.urth.net/urth/archives/v0024/0046.shtml"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font color="#0066cc" size="3">http://www.urth.net/urth/archives/v0024/0046.shtml</font></font></a></u></span></font><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">></font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0.5in">
<font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">Groves, Matthew.
“Eyeflash Miracles: WolfeWiki Content.” Urth.net mailing List. 20
July 2007. Web. 10 September 2014.
<</font></font><font color="#000080"><span lang="zxx"><u><a href="http://lists.urth.net/pipermail/urth-urth.net/2007-July/033411.html"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font color="#0066cc" size="3">http://lists.urth.net/pipermail/urth-urth.net/2007-July/033411.html</font></font></a></u></span></font><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">></font></font></p>
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