<div dir="ltr">
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">THE ANSWERS OF THE EXPLAINER:</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> Even on a first reading the final
answer of the Explainer is poignant and powerful, embodying the
uncertainty anyone who has spent their entire life as Forlesen has
with no hint of transcendence, respite, or the big picture without
tension and worry. Is what he has suffered worth it? “No … Yes.
No. Yes. Yes. No. Yes. Yes. Maybe.” There are three explanations
for this string of responses besides the obvious one (that even the
Explainer isn’t sure if it was worth it).
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> The first explanation involves
matching up the nine professions named by the Explainer and their
respective answers to the question of whether Forlesen's life was
worth it.</p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;margin-bottom:0in">Doctor: No – From
a biological perspective, Forlesen’s life has been pointless,
producing offspring that will have the same useless lives with no
concern for their own true health.</p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;margin-bottom:0in">Priest: Yes – A
divine presence, with an eternal salvation, might make struggle
worthwhile.</p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;margin-bottom:0in">Philosopher: No –
Even existentialism can’t save this miserable system – the model
is innately nihilistic in its ends. Even if it does seek fleeting
wealth and profit, what good does that do?</p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;margin-bottom:0in">Theologian: Yes –
Even fallen systems can be redeemed. Was this the right Emmanuel?</p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;margin-bottom:0in">Actor: Yes – The
role itself and the entertainment might have proven instructive to
whoever was watching through the partition as a lesson on how not to
exist – and the actor can always walk away from the role.
Forlesen's life might be part of an ongoing debate.</p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;margin-bottom:0in">Warlock: No –
There was no magic or secret knowledge to be found in this system.</p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;margin-bottom:0in">National Hero: Yes
– The sacrifice of the self for family and economic prosperity
might be worth something.</p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;margin-bottom:0in">Aged Loremaster:
Yes – We can learn things from the mistakes of history, even if
they depict oppressively evil systems.</p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;margin-bottom:0in">Novelist: Maybe –
In its attempt to depict a particular kind of very real hell
accurately, the story itself may not have any hint of true redemption
or value, and instead simply diagnose a problem currently beyond our
means to fix. The diagnosis and ambiguous chronicle of human strife
might achieve some kind of universal appeal.</p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;margin-bottom:0in">The second
possibility is suggested by Robert Borski on the Urth Mailing List:
that the entire experience is a computer simulation with “Hidden
Drives” and even defragmentation – in his sketch, the string of
yes and no correspond with binary code. While I think it is a model
and re-enactment of something real meant for instruction (Model
Pattern Products), I think there is more physical or spiritual
reality to Forlesen's day than a computer program. The text does
mention rumors of Frick trying to talk to the computer, however.</p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;margin-bottom:0in">The third
possibility is that the Explainer is answering whichever questions
Forlesen asked in his life which received no answers. After a
careful perusal, there do not seem to be enough unanswered questions,
unless we pose the scenarios of the Explainer as questions, too. The
possibility of misaligning these answers is huge, and perhaps this
scheme is forced.</p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;margin-bottom:0in">“Can I tell you
what it was I saw?” (referring to the shifting columns under the
bridge, speaking to the cop) No.</p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;margin-bottom:0in">“Are they falling
down?” Yes.</p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;margin-bottom:0in">“Have you been
noticing cracks?” No.</p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;margin-bottom:0in">“You may have
been oppressed by demons.” Yes.</p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;margin-bottom:0in">“Or revived by
unseen aliens who … have sought to re-create the life of the
twentieth century.” Yes.</p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;margin-bottom:0in">“Or it may be
that there is a small pressure exerted by a tumor in your brain.”
No.</p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;margin-bottom:0in">“Those are the
explanations?” Yes.</p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;margin-bottom:0in">“I want to know
if it's meant anything.” Yes.</p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;margin-bottom:0in">“If what I
suffered – it it's been worth it.” Maybe.</p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;margin-bottom:0in">Some of those
separations are forced, and perhaps making such parallels with all
the half answered and repeated questions is impossible.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">THE TECHNICAL PROBLEMS:</p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;margin-bottom:0in">Clearly this is a
slapped together reality which is reassembled every day. The
buildings are consumed by black and orange machines (the same color
as construction signs), the pillars move (or are they simply
clouds?), the policeman is connected to his car by wires, and
everything tastes of oil – the world is continually under
construction, even in the meeting rooms. The Creativity Group
exercises show reenactments of events which were already done – a
debate between real teachers then re-enacted and filmed again, and
many of the details in Forlesen seem as if everything is following a
kind of model pattern (thus Model Pattern Products).</p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;margin-bottom:0in">The problem of
Forlesen is that of course many of the explanations in text will
work, and perhaps none of them are necessary to “get” the point
of the story, which is quite obvious – the dehumanizing and
farcical attempts at creativity and morality enforced by modern
business corporations are contrary to nature and the normal human
condition … but it still seems that all of these things should add
up to something greater than merely the assertion that Forlesen might
be dead and in hell (unless he is Frick meant to endure the business
model he helped create). One does feel that Forlesen is in Frick’s
world regardless, wondering why he is not the master for whom the
universe has been made. It is fascinating that Abraham Beale and Adam
Bean have the same face, almost as if the company is the “seed”
Abraham planted which came to nothing.
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> The frustration of the text is that
despite its clear didactic and moral message, the pattern which it
models remains opaque. Some of the characters Forlesen encounters
map to a particular type of dead mentioned in the book, such as
Fields, whose sports metaphor match up with the fourth kind of dead,
or Abraham Beale, who seems to have returned in his grandchildren’s
time, but it does not seem that every type of dead is represented in
the text.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">HIDDEN DRIVES SIGNS</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> The signs for hidden drives are black
and orange … orange is usually reserved for construction signs,
something which seems to be consistent with the imagery that we have
throughout – the set is being constructed and altered as needed.
Their obverse at lunch reads SLOW CHILDREN and at night, YIELD. This
might connote the need to perpetuate the species, even in the midst
of the veneer of useless work life – the motivation that is never
discussed on the job.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">GLASS</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> Why do the partition glass and mirrors
show Forlesen different things? Partition glass exists to separate
something, and this time it looks like perhaps there is an
observational element, as Fields, through the glass, becomes a
fastidious and neat man with glasses. When asked if partition glass
could be used as window glass, Fields responds, “Hell no.”
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">THE WINGED BEINGS</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> When Forlesen first sees the winged
being on the cover of the red book, which details the types of dead,
he asks “What is it?” His wife replies, “It’s supposed to
tell you how to be good, and how to live – everything like that.”
At one point he feels himself such a winged being or like a hawk when
he is on top of the undulating highway, but his descent and the motif
of the bird cage in the bet-your-life game no doubt show that the
spiritual wings are fettered. It is possible that Forlesen is not
human, as the first paragraphs of the novella speculate. Perhaps
this is all an act that copies human life as part of a “debate”
on its utility and the manner in which it should be judged after the
fact.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">CREATIVITY GROUP</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> In the creativity group, the employees
are to “create creativity itself” and watch a movie on creativity
which is the most derivative scenario imaginable. When Forlesen
supposes actors would understand creativity better than teachers, the
response is: “It's a re-creation of an actual meeting of real
teachers … They photographed it and taped it, then had the actors
reproduce the debate.” This feels like the scenario for Forlesen –
a recreation of old business practices, possibly for part of a larger
debate or quest for understanding.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> One gets the sense that this entire
novella is based on such a recreation – put on by creatures who
have no comprehension of the reasons for the business world or human
life. The doubletalk in this creativity scene is mind-numbing:</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> “What creativity is going to do for
you in the way of problem study is point the way to new ways of
seeing your problem … not necessarily successful … if by
successful what you mean is permitting you to make a nontrivial
elaboration of the problem definition.”</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> “I think we're all agreed [that
problem definitions don't limit creativity] when they're creative
problem definitions. Right, Ned?”</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> “Of Creative problems.”</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> With names like Abraham, Adam,
Emanuel, and Edna (a name derived from the Garden of Eden) involved
in this broken system, the problem is one inherent and systemic in
creation similar to the problem of evil – how could life come to
this? Forlesen even suggests they form clay and start in – clearly
derivative of the earliest conception of Jewish and Christian
creation traditions on the manner in which man was formed.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> The idea of the conflict in Forlesen
being nothing but a recreation is recapitulated in one of the
Explainer's options: “You may have been oppressed by demons … or
revived by unseen aliens who, landing on the Earth eons after the
death of the last man,have sought to re-create the life of the
twentieth century”. Perhaps a spiritual spin on this is possible –
a model incited by angelic beings ignorant of good and evil
attempting to understand and judge something so vapid and all
consuming as the middle-management business model of Model Pattern
Products, but without true comprehension – the pages of books in
the model don't match up well, and something is lost in translation.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">THE GRADING SYSTEM:</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> The computer grades answers to the
sample leadership problems and assigns a grade between a high score
of 757 and a low score of 49 (757 is the sum of seven consecutive
primes, 49 is seven squared). The quorum necessary to change pages
from the brown book is never seven or less. This repetition of seven
is in stark contrast to the overwhelming “hell” comments made by
the management staff.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">BET-YOUR-LIFE MINIGAME</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> The bet your life minigame, “the
management-managing real-life pseudogame” involves eight and
twelve sided die in small birdcages. It is a bidding and selling
kind of game, but several of the “harmless” wagers made actually
mirror the condition of Forlesen. He tastes oil everywhere and sees
oil stains, and his first thought is that his feet are “shoes”.
Mr. Fleer’s instructions are “BID 17 ASK 18 ¼ SNOWMOBILE 5 ½ UP
½ OPEN NEW TERRITORY SHUT DOWN COAL OIL SHOES FLEER.” Note the
shutting down of oil (ubiquitous in the text), shoes, and coal there,
and after Forlesen goes into the hall it feels glacial, “filled
with quiet wind and the memory of ice.” Forlesen’s area of the
game is being shut down, eaten by the black and orange machines late
in the day. Earlier the text made clear there were twelve types of
dead, and perhaps the 12 and 8 sided die represent them and the ¾
quorum (never seven or less) necessary to change the rules of the
game. If that quorum is reached, then the pages in the brown book can
be altered – the book which contains the script of Forlesen's life.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> The only real mention of coal (besides
the very real possibility that all of these people are metaphorically
burning in hell) might be in the real life occupation of Henry Clay
Frick, the coal and railroad magnate. Abraham Beale says that once
he fired on the railroad, and he also says that “the railroads and
the coal mines buy your state legislatures, right?” It is probably
no coincidence that these are the two areas Henry Clay Frick
controlled, but these are being shut down.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> Of course, it is unclear what Forlesen
actually accomplishes in this game by walking out before the man with
the bristly mustache can cheat him by selling back the stock he just
bought at a higher price. (Forlesen and he converse in the hallway,
and the man does not recognize him – there is no individuality in
the business world besides trite cliches and metaphors.)</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">LITERARY ALLUSIONS:</p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;margin-bottom:0in"><a name="_GoBack"></a>
While it is almost a work of Naturalism, there is the sense that
these men are being forced to live life unnaturally – all society’s
desires are not equal. Social conditions and the environment do seem
to have a kind of inescapable force in this novella. Forlesen
decides to go to work so that Edna can have the peace of mind knowing
that she and her children won’t starve – the natural, adventurous
life that Abraham Beale lived is preferable, but has somehow become
an impossibility for Forlesen’s life, whose existence has been hard
determined from the moment of his awakening. He even finds evidence
that everything is scripted in his brown book. Wolfe’s indictment
of the system offers no answers, merely a diagnosis. Clearly Wolfe
posits that this existence, for all its naturalistic force to produce
conformity and mold people in patterns based on generic models, is
completely unnatural.</p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;margin-bottom:0in">The clearest short
story homage might be to Sturgeon's “Yesterday Was Monday”, where
a man awakens to find tomorrow under construction by a working crew.
The “age” of the new wing and the buildings being torn down by
black and orange machines at the end of “Forlesen” especially
echo this idea.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">NAMES:</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">First Generation:</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> Abraham Beale – Abraham means
“father of many” or “a multitude”; Beale can mean “handsome
or fair” or even son of Bel.
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> Adam Bean – Adam is the founder of
Model Pattern Products, it is certainly no coincidence that he is
named after the first man responsible for the fall from grace. His
name could imply “man” or “redness”. Bean implies a grower or
planter of beans/seeds. This resonates with the idea that Abraham
Beale “planted” the buy-out inheritance he received for his farm
to become the highway.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> Avery Beale – Avery can mean “elf
ruler or counsel”, though in light of his association with roosters
and the bird cages extant in the bet your life game, it is
conceivable that an aviary is implied.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> Abner Bunter - Abraham's lawyer,
Abner means “father of light” and of course a bunt is only a soft
hit in baseball – perhaps he did not accomplish what he as capable
of.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Second Generation:</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> C. D’Andrea replaced by Ed Fields.
The name can imply “manly”.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> C. Dudley – He solved the business
problem left in the wake of Bean’s demise, Dudley can mean “a
woodland clearing” or it can imply a descendant of”black sides”.
He is probably replaced by Frick.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> Cappy Dillingham – Cappy is a gypsy
name for “profit”. The last name means “homestead of the Dull
people” (a place name, though surprisingly apt).</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Third Generation</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> Emanuel Forlesen / Forlosen –
Emanuel means “God is with us” and Forlesen is an archaic form of
lost or forlorn – in its German pronunciation, vorlesen, means “to
read”.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> Ernie Frick – the gold toothed,
balding, and mole-faced person in charge of Model Pattern Products,
as far as can be determined. (The name Frick became a
euphemistically dirty word because of the real life Henry Clay
Frick). Ernest means “serious, determined.”</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> Edna Forlesen – Her name means
“rejuvenation, pleasure, delight.” Derived from the same source
as the garden of Eden.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> Miss Fawn – She is the secretary to
Mr. Freeling who then becomes Mrs. Frost. While the name obviously
means young deer, it is clear that her name reflects her attitude –
a transformation from fawning insincerity to frosty indifference once
she gets what she wants.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> Miss Fedd – She was once in traffic
and is a cousin to Miss Fawn.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> Ed Fields – Sports analogies
dominate his life, thus the last name. Edward means “guardian”
and Fields implies someone who lives on land cleared of forest but
not yet cultivated for use.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> Mr. Fleer – His life revolves around
ski analogies; he obviously invests in snowmobiles in Bet-Your-Life,
but his name can mean “to flee” or indicate a refugee.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> Mr. Ffoulks - In the bet your life
mini-game, Forlesen uses his name. He is invested in toys, weapons,
and is “big” in aquariums. Obviously his last name implies
“people” or “folk”. Forlesen jokes that he feels it is the
age of aquariums – a pun on the age of aquarius, which would be
associated with modernization, noncomformity, idealism, and freedom,
among other things – whereas an aquarium is of course a confinement
with transparent sides so that the captives can be observed.
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> Mr. Elmer Freeling – Mr. Freeling is
Ed Field's chief and sailing is his dominant metaphor. Elmer is
derived from a surname meaning “noble or famous”.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> Mr. Flint – Mr. Freeling’s boss,
Flint reports directly to Mr. Frick. Obviously a Flint rock can be
used to start a fire. It is not clear that we ever see him, unless he
is the man carrying a coat outside of Mr. Frick's office, or perhaps
the man in the red coat in the Bet-Your-Life game.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> Edward Franklin – As already stated,
the first name Edward implies “guardian”. Franklin indicates a
free land owner.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> Eugene Fine – Eugene means “well
born” and Fine was originally a place name; he is the reason that
the creativity meeting must be held at
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> Enid Fenton – Enid means “soul or
life” and Fenton implies a marshy settlement. Her individuality and
refusal to fit in make her the subject of the sample leadership
problem.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> Eric Fairchild and his mother – Eric
can imply “forever or eternal ruler”, and Fairchild is obvious.
His trope is to always ask if people see what he means, and to assert
that he in fact does see what they mean in turn. He indicates the
top grade is 757 and the the low grade is 49.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Fourth Generation:</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> George Howe – George's first name
means “earth worker” and Howe is a place name derived from
someone living by a small hill or barrow.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> Gordie Hilbert - Forlesen’s
orientation, his first name means “from the cornered hill”, and
the last implies magnificence in battle.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">UNANSWERED QUESTIONS:</p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;margin-bottom:0in">Is Emmanuel
Forlesen a human being at all? Is this simply an angelic recreation
of a debate about the utility (or futility) of 20<sup><font>th</font></sup>
century human existence? Is Frick’s soul on trial for what he has
done to people in life?</p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;margin-bottom:0in">Why is the term
hours used only once in the text, at a point which is chronologically
incorrect if “ours” was meant?</p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;margin-bottom:0in">What is the
significance of the brown book's grammatical change from saying “good
field” to “good Fields”? Is Fields the exemplary middle
management man or is this a more metaphorical exhortation to plant
seed in better fields than this corporate nonsense? Otherwise, that
portion of the brown book indicates that there is a coach or
quarterback upstairs and emphasizes teamwork.</p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;margin-bottom:0in">Are the twelve
kinds of dead related to the thirteen characters of Forlesen’s
generation present at work? Are they in turn related to the 12 sided
dice trapped in bird cages in the Bet-Your-Life psuedogame?</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> Is there really an objective
underlying principle to “Forlesen”, or is meaninglessness and
absurdity the true answer? The brown book serving as the rule book
for Bet-Your-Life depicting events in Forlesen's life really does
make the entire thing seem like a scripted recreation.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">CONNECTION WITH OTHER WORKS:</p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;margin-bottom:0in">Forlesen is one of
the most bleak and despairing portraits of a world stripped of
freedom in Wolfe’s body of work, and even though it is unrealistic
in its precise details, it might be the most realistic thing he has
ever written. Its unrelenting portrayal of corporate America as a
place of ineffective metaphors and incompetent management is scathing
and probably fairly accurate. The tense gender relationship that
stems from a woman completely dependent on a man for her support is
deftly painted in just a few lines of dialogue.</p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;margin-bottom:0in"> One can easily
imagine someone who has worked their entire lives asking the question
Forlesen asks at the end, and reaching the same indeterminate
conclusion. The story operates effectively without ever grasping its
objective situation, but perhaps pinpointing that is not as important
as asking why corporations have become such dull beasts. “Forlesen”
stands out in Wolfe’s work because of its focus on the mechanical
conglomeration completely beyond the power of any one working man to
influence or change, and it has a special and unique place in Wolfe’s
oeuvre. Wolfe’s explorations of modernism (exemplified in “Morning
Glory”) are equally critical but seem to offer more hope – a man
can change his attitude and his beliefs, but a man who has to feed
his family must conform to society’s banal expectations. In the
exaltation of corporations and companies to powers beyond even
government or national control, perhaps the nearly contemporary “Hour
of Trust” obliquely approaches the same theme, but “Forlesen”
is a far more effective and universal condemnation of something which
the vast majority of Americans have had to face. Wolfe may not have
ever been interested in writing the stereotypical Great American
Novel of 20<sup><font>th</font></sup> century life, but he comes close to
capturing the true horror of modern life in “Forlesen”, perhaps
his greatest social commentary. The blind, inane, and pathetic
company has become like a God which perhaps does not demand human
sacrifice but somehow manages to sacrifice humanity anyway.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">RESOURCES:</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0.5in">
Borski, Robert. “Forlesen”. Urth.net Mailing List. 26 September
1998. Web. 14 September 2014.
<<a href="http://www.urth.net/urth/archives/v0019/0022.shtml"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.urth.net/urth/archives/v0019/0022.shtml</font></a>></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0.5in">
Skrabec, Quentin R. <i>Henry Clay Frick: The Life of the Perfect
Capitalist</i>. Jefferson: McFarland, 2010.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0.5in">
Standiford, Les. <i>Meet You in Hell: Andrew Carnegie, Henry Clay
Frick, and the Bitter Partnership that Changed America</i>. New York:
Broadway Books, 2006.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0.5in">
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</p>
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