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<p align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom:0in">SEVEN AMERICAN NIGHTS</p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;margin-bottom:0in">“Seven American
Nights” first appeared in <i>Orbit 20</i> in 1978 and is collected
in <i>The Island of Doctor Death and Other Stories and Other Stories.</i></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">OBJECTIVE SUMMARY:</p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;margin-bottom:0in">Nadan Jafferzadah’s
notebook has been sent to his family in Iran with a note from Hassan
Kerbelai, the private investigator they have hired to find him The
note asserts Kerbelai found the notebook in Delaware and that he will
discontinue the search if more money is not forthcoming.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">DAY ONE:
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> Nadan arrives on the <i>Princess
Fatimah</i> after a 12 day voyage to the coast of America and voices
his excitation and love of arriving: “Like the delight a condemned
man must feel when a letter from the shah snatches him from beneath
the very blade of death.” He is astonished by the yellow waters
close to America and comments upon them to the ironically named Mr.
Tallman and to the grain merchant Golam Gassem – both of whom react
with disdain. The captain of the ship comes up and tells him that it
is Tallman’s country bleeding to death. (On this night, he has a
dream of a loaf of bread “smeared with gray mold.” He wonders
why the Americans would wish such a thing - “yet all the historians
agree that they did, just as they wished their own corpses to appear
living forever.”)</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">DAY TWO:
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> Nadan begins writing the next day of
his room with its two beds, and tells of the “red- and purple- clad
strangers, who mob their own streets like an invading army” in the
ruins of Washington D.C. He sleeps late and describes the trucks with
oxen and horses. He is on Maine Street and comments on the widespread
genetic damage to the people of America – hunchbacked, deformed,
and twisted. The hotel manager tells him to go north for the
buildings, south for the theater, and west for the park, but to take
security. Nadan says he has his pistol. At night he starts writing
of his afternoon visiting the buildings to the north where he
encountered several beggars, but first states that his girlfriend
back in Iran must never read his journal and asseverates that he
believes he was drugged on the ship.
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> He recounts America's reputation for
chemicals and drugs that alter consciousness, poison vermin, prevent
bread from going stale, and create mad visions that never end.
During the afternoon, the locals show him the White House, but he
believes its name has been lost. A beggar without a jaw takes him to
the Smithsonian where he sees a man working on a machine. The
beggar, who confuses m's and n's, says “Someday we will be great
again” (though it is possible he actually said “Sunday we will be
great again.”)</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> That night Nadan goes out to eat and
then attends the theater, where Vidal's <i>Visit to a Small Planet</i>
is playing. Its contents have been modernized “just as we
sometimes present<i> Rustam Beg</i> as if Rustam had been a hero of
the war just past.” The curator from the Smithsonian sits right
next to Nadan, who is impressed with the female who plays Ellen in
the play and the clubfooted man who plays the alien Kreton.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> Nadan begins speaking to the elderly
man from the museum, buying him a sandwich and engaging him in
conversation. The curator talks of the principal of extended
abstraction, in which the true essence of communication is smell.
“When you smell another human being you take chemicals from his
body into your own, analyze them, and form the analysis you
accurately deduce his emotional state. .. When you speak, you are
telling another how you would smell if you smelled as you should and
if he could smell you properly.” He goes on to say that writing is
the third level of abstraction.
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> Nadan appreciates some features of the
play, such as Kreton and Ellen (a fact which he tells the Curator)
and the reading of the family cat's mind by the alien. He is
offended by the presentation of the Turks. The curator is dismissive
of modern drama and says “Ellen is a trollop, and Powers a drayman.
That lame fellow Kreton used to snare sailors for a singing house on
Portland Street.” Nadan buys the old man some marzipan eggs which
he finds unpleasant and stashes the last six in his pocket.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> The curator tells Nadan of writing,
and the concept of the closed and open curves. He says he has a
machine which imitates handwriting and another which composes it for
a “national psychological effect.” One of the papers he shows
Nadan has the word <i>Sardinia</i> on it amidst other handwriting,
the other is blank – his example of an open curve.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> Nadan notes that the final scene
hinges on “the device our poets call the <i>Peri's asphodel</i>, a
trick so shopworn now that it is acceptable only if it can be
presented in some new light. The one used here was to have John –
Ellen's lover- find Kreton's handkerchief and, remarking that it
seemed perfumed, bury his nose in it … conveying to the audience
that John had, for that moment, shared the telephathic abilities of
Kreton, whom all of them had now entirely forgotten.”</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> Nadan takes the curator home, walking
beneath the stark overpasses and thinking</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0.5in"> It occurred to me
then that there may be a time flaw, such as astronomers report from
space, somewhere in the Atlantic. How is it that this western shore
is more antiquated in the remains of a civilization not yet a century
dead than we are in the shadow of Darius? May it not be that every
ship that plows that sea moves through ten thousand years?</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">He vows to cleanse his journal before
letting Yasmin see it and writes of how he bought a hallucinatory
drug from the woman who helped him get the old man from the museum in
bed, commenting that the museum has no income save in selling relics
of the past. He soaks one of the eggs in the drug and vows to eat one
per day so that he can speak with knowledge of America's
hallucinogens.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> He cannot sleep and daydreams that he
is Kreton, and that Ellen is bringing him the six eggs. He gets the
hotel manager to bring him a woman, and he brings three. The last of
them looks like Yasmin, but has a club foot similar to Kreton's. He
writes of this in the morning of the next day.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">DAY THREE:</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> Nadan goes to the park to sketch,
taking a boat and exploring Hains Point and most probably East
Potomac Park as well. He sees giant ratholes and rabid packs of
dogs. He kills one of them with his pistol while he sketches. Four
or five able Americans pretending to be beggars accost him, and he
says that he has killed one of their own. He eats one of the eggs,
finding it more frightening than the park, then goes out to dinner.
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> He thinks of ending his account but
portrays his visit to the theater to see Barrie's <i>Mary Rose,
</i><span style="font-style:normal">starring the same girl who
played Ellen in the previous play, listed as Ardis Dahl on the
playbill.</span> During the title character's disappearance from the
stage during the play, he sees her sitting in the audience but is
unable to talk to her. After the play, remains sleepless and manages
to push open the manager's door an attain a directory, learning that
there is a Dahl family close to the theater.
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> Nadan speculates that Ardis is such a
great actress because “ in some part of her mind her stage became
her reality”. He walks to the house overcome with emotions, then
thinks that perhaps they are all born of the drug in the egg; he
bites the insides of his cheeks and strikes at a building before
regaining his composure. Attempting to pay the man who answers the
door at the Dahl house to let him stay, the man says he cannot let
Nadan in and prompts him to try the house on the corner. Through the
door the man's wife reminds Nadan of the fallen Statue of Liberty.
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> On his way back, he glances up to see
a red flash and beastly figure in the night leap at him. He does not
think he has time to raise his pistol fully, but when Nadan comes to
his senses the beast is dead before him, a female with a chest wound.
He thinks it both a feral dog and a human being. He mentions that
over ten years ago he had read of such things in a book by Osman Aga,
<i>Mystery Beyond the Sun's Setting</i>.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Here Nadan reveals what happened to
America:</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0.5in">In the last
century, when the famine gripped their country and the irreversible
damage done to the chromosomal structures of the people had already
become apparent, some few turned to the eating of human flesh. No
doubt the corpses of the famine supplied their food at first; and no
doubt those who ate of them congratulated themselves that by so doing
they had escaped the effects of the enzymes that were then still used
to bring slaughter animals to maturity in a matter of months. What
they failed to realize was that the bodies of the human beings they
ate had accumulated far more of these unnatural substances than were
ever found in the flesh of the short-lived cattle. From them …
rose such creatures as the thing I had killed.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">DAY FOUR:
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> In the morning, he resolves to go cut
the head of the creature off, but it is gone without a trace. Nadan
goes forth to buy a gift for Ellen and selects a bracelet made of old
coins. He returns to dinner and takes his second egg. He fears that
perhaps the drug rendered visible that which had previously been
invisible on the previous night. He naps and dreams that Ardis/Ellen
is caressing him with long fingered hands before going to see <i>Mary
Rose</i> again. He talks to the actor who plays Kreton and attempts
to enlist his aid in meeting Ardis. Kreton calls the current play a
“turkey”. Here Kreton asks him if he drinks, and Nadan replies
that he does not but will gladly buy him one. As they walk, Kreton
comments on his leg and the excuses he must always use in the play,
then mentions that perhaps sometimes the potter is simply angry. He
quotes the Persian <i>Rubaiyat</i>: “None answered this; but after
Silence spake /A Vessel of a more ungainly Make: /They sneer at me
for leaning all awry; /What! Did the Hand then of the Potter shake?”
and Nadan claims that he is unfamiliar with it (It is Fitzgerald's
translation).</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> Kreton indicates that not all
Americans are unsightly, thinking of himself. Nadan offers him
twenty rials to introduce him to Ardis after Kreton mentions that
there should be other things he is interested in besides knowing who
Ardis is entertaining, like the secret hidden beneath Mount Rushmore.
Nadan reveals he is a pupil of Akhon Mirza Ahmak who came to America
thirty years ago to examine the miniatures in the National Art
Gallery.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> He feels Kreton reaching into his
pocket and starts a scuffle. The police arrive and arrest Kreton,
insisting that Nadan press charges after beating the actor down. As
Nadan lies in bed, Ardis comes to plead with him so that they can
gain the actor's release. He offers to claim that it was a
misunderstanding with the police. She reveals that they have
breathed life into the theater in the past two years and their next
production will be<i> Faust. </i><span style="font-style:normal">She
says that Americans were never polite culturally and that they feel
betrayed and cheated. “When we feel cheated we are ready to kill;
and maybe we feel cheated all the time.”</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><span style="font-style:normal"> Ardis
claims she must get some things at home, and Nadan offers to take
her, even if she lived in Kazvin or Mount Kaf (known as the farthest
point of the Earth to Persia). He sees a note from her after she
leaves offering real love if he can procure Bobby's freedom (the
actor who plays Kreton is named Bobby O'Keene).</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><span style="font-style:normal">DAY 5</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><span style="font-style:normal"> Nadan
dreams of walking with Ardis and being stalked by the beast. The
power on his pistol is running out. He spends all day with Ardis at
the police and then at the penitentiary seeking to gain Bobby's
freedom. Here he says that Ardis showed him where she lived, “a
few doors from the theater”. They go to the Federated Enquiry
Division to procure his release, but Ardis insists part of it is
rented by the Washington Police Department. Nadan feels that they
wield far more authority than they pretend to. He is interviewed by
a woman with forty or fifty teeth who mentions that some of the
oldest coins show heads of wheat and that this is a fertile part of
the country in her small talk. He explains that he only requires the
release of the thief. At two they go to the other side of the river
to look at the inmates in a penal colony where they fail to find
Bobby.</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><span style="font-style:normal"> That
afternoon they wind up in a restaurant near Ardis' apartment where
Golam Gassem and Mr. Tallman from the ship are also eating, and Ardis
acts suspiciously, wanting to leave before she is seen with Nadan,
claiming that she is “friends” with the two men and that she
wants to maintain their mutual trust. When Nadan and Ardis show up
at the theater, Bobby is free.</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><span style="font-style:normal"> That
night Nadan is drafted into playing a role in </span><i>Mary Rose</i><span style="font-style:normal">
since an actor named Terry has disappeared (Nadan does not think that
Ardis is really surprised by his disappearance). As Mary Rose's
husband Simon, he is introduced as Ned Jefferson. Nadan insists his
dramatic personality came from growing up on Persian literature such
as the </span><i>Shah Namah</i><span style="font-style:normal">.
Afterwords, Ardis and Nadan caress and kiss in the dark, but she
refuses to let light enter. She says that tomorrow he will see her,
and that the theater will be closed for Easter; they will go to a
party. After she leaves, Nadan finds that only two of the eggs
remain (there should be three) and that his journal has been moved
to the other side of the bed. He eliminates from his journal any
indication of why he came to America. He ends the entry by claiming
that he will make the taking of the eggs significant, and that the
love he and Ardis will share will be something worthy of great
intrigue and lasting significance.</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><span style="font-style:normal">DAY 6:</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><span style="font-style:normal"> Ardis
comes before noon and they walk north to the park. They rent a boat
and Ardis asks if he intends to spend all his time in Washington.
Nadan insists his original plan was to head north after a week to
Philadelphia, but now he would stay forever if she so desired. She
invites him to the interior of America to seek its great prizes and
reveals that her father is a map maker who used to search out that
treasure himself. Ardis also says that “there are people in the
interior who are no longer people. Our bodies are poisoned … all
of us Americans. They have adapted … but they are no longer
human.” Her father trades with them and sells the maps they bring
him. </span>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><span style="font-style:normal"> She
also states that Bobby and she have been using Mr. Tallman and Golam
Gassem to finance an expedition to the interior. She says there is a
better one and that after they attain it they will return to Teheran
together. They go back and prepare for the evening's party, and
Nadan sees a Christian procession with a priest and smoking censers.
He notes “the entire procession – from the flickering candles in
the clear sunshine, to the dead leader lifted up, to his inattentive,
bickering followers behind – seemed to incarnate the philosophy and
the dilemma of these people. … I realized that its ritualized plea
for life renewed was more foreign to them than to me.” </span>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><span style="font-style:normal"> The
notebook then remarks that it is very late and Nadan has resolved to
burn his notebook. He asks how he could have loved “that”,
referring to Ardis. The party was a masque, and after they had made
love in the dark Nadan used his pistol to light up the alcohol
waiting in a nearby glass to behold her. </span>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><span style="font-style:normal"> Nadan
claims that the eagle is dead and “Ardis is the proper symbol of
[America's] rule.” He has eaten both of the last eggs, one before
the party and one after probably killing Ardis. He hopes that what he
saw was only an illusion of the egg. </span>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0.5in"><span style="font-style:normal"> If
hallucinations now begin, I will know that what I saw by the light of
the blazing arrack was in truth a thing with which I have lain, and
in one way or another will see to it that I never return to corrupt
the clean wombs of the women of our enduring race. I might seek to
claim the miniatures of our heritage after all, and allow the guards
to kill me – but what if I were to succeed? I am not fit to touch
them. Perhaps the best end for me would be to travel alone into this
maggot-riddled continent; in that way I will die at fit hands.</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><span style="font-style:normal"> Nadan
later hears Kreton walking outside his door with footsteps like an
earthquake and hears the word </span><i>police</i><span style="font-style:normal">
like thunder. He sees “My dead Ardis, very small and bright, has
stepped out of the candle-flame, and there is a hairy face coming
through the window.”</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><span style="font-style:normal"> The
final section switches to Nadan's mother and Yasmin, who speculates
that Nadan is still alive as they look over the journal, but must be
imprisoned or ill. The old woman asks, “You think this is his
writing? … Perhaps. Perhaps.”</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">THESIS:
</p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;margin-bottom:0in">The American plot
to regain global ascendancy involves the grain merchant Golam Gassem
and poisoning Iran and perhaps all of Europe and the Middle East.
Nadan’s dream of the moldy bread, the old man from the Smithsonian
who talks of smell as true communication, and America’s reputation
as the greatest creator of hallucinogens and chemicals reveal the
plot – gaining revenge on the powers of the world as the Americans
have poisoned themselves via a kind of airborne mold-spore. The
actors in the play are simply playing another drama in every
interaction with Nadan, and it is likely that during his stay in
America he is replaced and the remainder of his journal forged by the
machine in the Smithsonian at the termination of Maundy Thursday.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">SETTING:
</p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;margin-bottom:0in">The precise
environs in Washington DC can be located – down to a Holiday Inn on
Maine Street. The year seems to be approximately 2050-2060. Nadan
states that Persia has suffered a 2300 year eclipse (its empire
subjugated and its power waning during the Greco-Persian conflict,
with Alexander the Great defeating Darius III by 333 BC). America's
collapse was sudden and complete and tied to chemically tampering
with food to both preserve grain products and to vastly accelerate
the maturation of livestock.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">COMMENTARY:</p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;margin-bottom:0in">In <i>Attending
Daedalus</i>, Peter Wright notes that <i>Seven American Nights</i> is
not really “a conundrum designed to ensnare the reader in a series
of interminable puzzles” but that Wolfe emphasizes “early in the
narrative that the mysteries of the story cannot be solved,
[indicating] that the text is an insoluble self-referential puzzle
about the conundrum of perception rather than an enigma for the
reader to solve by detection.” This is prompted by the various
levels of reliability of the narrative: any given day could be a
hallucination of the egg, Nadan has excised his true reason for
coming to America and embellished early descriptions, a machine can
forge handwriting in the story, and the detective also has a motive
to present the notebook to give Nadan’s family hope (which might
have a forged subplot so that in the case of detection he can always
say he was not involved in the forging of the document).
</p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;margin-bottom:0in">As with so many of
Wolfe’s interpreters, while this sounds like a nifty way to
approach the story (it’s like … about the infinite indeterminacy
of perception, man …) we should know better. This is the least
useful interpretation of <i>Seven American Nights</i>, and we will
discard it here. There is only one story I am willing to venture
does not have a single bottom in Wolfe written during the first half
of Wolfe’s career, and that is “Forlesen”, due to its theme of
the meaninglessness of the modern life Forlesen must live.
</p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;margin-bottom:0in">How many levels of
abstraction can we have before the original subject disappears? The
Smithsonian man philosophizes on all communication being based on
scents, of which writing (an abstraction of verbal communication) is
already at the third level. In the above scenarios, we see even more
levels of abstraction – and most assuredly, our original subject,
Nadan, will disappear in the abstraction. There are two compelling
pre-existing theories to explain the action in <i>Seven American
Nights</i>, but our preferred thesis here will modify one of them
slightly.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">EXPLANATION 1: Borski's Combination of
Days 5 and 6 and Ardis' Lycanthropy</p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;margin-bottom:0in">In his essay “The
Far Plutonian Shore”, Borski posits that Nadan, observed by the
American Government, who have perhaps determined his true motive for
coming to America (stealing the Persian miniatures guarded at the
National Art Musuem), excises the end of Day 5 and the start of Day 6
from his journal, combining the days and hiding his visit to the
museum. Borski then believes that Nadan is lying about the eggs
being disturbed – that he ate one as usual and had two remaining,
but creates a cover story, perhaps hiding behind the oblivion of the
hallucinogen as an excuse if he is detained (though if he is truly
being watched, the government should know how long he has been in the
United States). However, Borski thinks the hallucinogen is in one of
the eggs eaten on the last day, when Nadan has visions of Ardis in
his candle, a hairy face at the window, and hears Kreton's thundering
steps outside.</p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;margin-bottom:0in">Borski posits that
the beast which was killed but whose body disappeared is simply
Ardis, whose chest has been furrowed and wounded on the second night.
The problem with these theories lies in the almost magical presence
of a lycanthropic character and the relative ineffectiveness of
purging an entire day from the journal this late in his visit after
attracting police attention– if Nadan is being watched, by that
point the police or F.E.D.'s know how long he has been in the United
States and when Bobby was arrested.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">EXPLANATION 2: Tallman's Early
Excision, the American Plot, and the Replacement of Nadan after
Maundy Thursday</p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;margin-bottom:0in">David Tallman
provides a much more convincing explanation for many of the small
details in <i>Seven American Nights</i> which makes use of the plots
of the plays that Nadan watches as well as his visit to the
Smithsonian and the resentful presence of Golam Gassem. In Tallman's
scheme, when Nadan witnesses the man at the Smithsonian working on a
machine, he brings attention to himself as someone who might be on to
an American intrigue (especially since he arrived on the same ship as
Mr. Tallman and Golam Gassem). Later the same museum man shows up at
the final showing of <i>Visit to a Small Planet</i> to determine how
much Nadan understands.
</p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;margin-bottom:0in">At this meeting,
Nadan reveals that his hands have been cramped from writing, that he
is much taken with the two actors playing Kreton and Ellen, and it is
from a woman who helps Nadan put the Curator to bed that he buys the
“hallucinogen” with which he douses one of the eggs. While
Tallman agrees that the true purpose of Nadan's visit is to regain
the Persian miniatures from the National Art Musuem (a small
elaborate painting comparable to those in Western illuminated
manuscripts), he sees the subtext as a vast and extensive plot first
to kill Nadan which then transforms into an attempt to minimize
leakage when he does not immediately die.</p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;margin-bottom:0in">Tallman also
proposes that the second day is the point at which Nadan altered his
manuscript by excising material for the following reasons, as posted
on the WolfeWiki, which I am presenting here in their original form:</p>
<p style="margin-left:0.5in">I count seven full nights if Nadan's
first day of sightseeing didn't go all the way to the ruined capital
buildings. There are a few hints that this is the case:
</p>
<ol>
<li><p style="margin-bottom:0in">Early on, he is writing with
closed shutters and a candle (p. 340, Orb edition of IODDAOSAOS).
Something outside is beating on the shutters (A wild animal?
Moths?), which seems to indicate late at night. On the day he visits
the ruins, he opens the shutters and the sun is just setting.
</p>
<li><p style="margin-bottom:0in">He's fearful and homesick that
first day. The second day he's brave enough to go out to a
restaurant and to the theater at night.
</p>
<li><p style="margin-bottom:0in">His attitude about going to the
park changes. On p. 339 he wants to postpone it until he has seen
other things. On p. 344 he is ashamed he didn't go that day. This
seems more likely if they are two different days.
</p>
<li><p>He says he spent the whole day at the ruins on p. 347. The
other day mentions sleeping late, listening to musicians, and
people-watching. His first writing for that day is at about 4:30pm
(midnight Iran time with local daylight savings time p. 338) back in
his room, which doesn't allow that much time for ruin explorations.
</p>
</li></li></li></li></ol>
<p style="margin-left:0.5in">Nadan arrived in Washington on a
Saturday (based on the parade being on Good Friday). On Sunday, he
headed north to see the National Art Gallery first. (Why would he
bypass the place his famous uncle visited and see the old ruins
first? The gallery was on his way there.) That night, he wrote of his
fears.
</p>
<p style="margin-left:0.51in">On Monday, his second day of
sightseeing, he visited the capital building ruins, the Smithsonian,
and the theater.
</p>
<p style="margin-left:0.5in"><a name="globalwrapper"></a>Why did he
write so little about that first day, and let it run into the next
day with such an abrupt transition? The answer is he removed some
pages from the journal after he found it was disturbed. In [writing]
about the gallery he must have revealed his intention to steal
certain "miniatures of our heritage" (p. 382). He excised
the pages to protect himself from the police (far too late, alas).
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Here is David Tallman's timeline for
the story:</p>
<ol>
<li><p style="margin-bottom:0in">Saturday<br>Nadan arrives in
Washington.<br>Angers Mr. Tallman by pointing out yellow
water.<br>Begins to be fearful, but will not admit it in journal for
Yasmine.<br>Has dream about moldy bread.</p>
<li><p style="margin-bottom:0in">Palm Sunday<br>Nadan heads north
to see the buildings.<br>Visits the National Art Gallery.<br>Writes
of his intent to steal miniatures.<br>Late that night, writes of his
fears.
</p>
<li><p style="margin-bottom:0in">Monday<br>Nadan goes back and
visits the ruined buildings.<br>The beggar with no lower jaw shows
him the Smithsonian room.<br>The beggar boasts "Sunday we will
be great again," knowing that he will be misunderstood as
saying "Someday we will be great again."<br>Nadan's visit
is noticed by F.E.D. informers among the beggars.<br>Nadan seeing
the face of the "curator" along with the forging machine
is a problem.<br>The police tail him to the theater.<br>The
"curator" goes in, sits in his row, and draws him into
conversation. Curator can tell he was recognized.<br>Curator
pretends to be ill. Nadan escorts him home.<br>Nadan is sold poison,
which he is told is a hallucinogenic. (It might be an overdose of a
recreational drug.) He is supposed to take it and die that night,
with any letters he might have written during the day still
unmailed.<br>Nadan doses the eggs. Unknown to himself, he is playing
real Russian Roulette.
</p>
<li><p style="margin-bottom:0in">Tuesday<br>Police are now in a
bind. Nadan didn't take the poison. Where is it?<br>Why didn't he
take it? Could he be a spy? They have to be cautious. <br>If he dies
some other way and the poison is found, the plot may be
revealed.<br>Nadan visits the park during the day.<br>Police
following him save his life from a dog-pack attack. The howling was
not because the dogs were "mourning their fallen leader"
but because the police were killing more dogs.<br>Nadan could have
been aware of their assistance but chose to omit it to make himself
look more heroic. <br>Nadan attends the theater again and sees "Mary
Rose."<br>Eats egg one.<br>Goes out to try to find
Ardis.<br>Police follow him and save him from the werebeast. The
"flicker of scarlet" he saw was the targeting laser of his
shadower's gun on the beast. Nadan had no time to aim, so the shot
that killed the beast was probably not his own.<br>Police clean up
the body of the beast and remove other traces as much as possible.
</p>
<li><p style="margin-bottom:0in">Wednesday<br>Buys gift for Ardis
at the Washington Monument fair.<br>Police have given up on his
taking the poison on his own. They contact Bobby and Ardis with a
plan.<br>Nadan eats egg two.<br>Attends first part of "Mary
Rose."<br>Bobby fakes an attempt to pickpocket Nadan, gets
arrested.<br>Ardis comes to Nadan's room to intercede for Bobby.<br>She
is prepared to have sex with Nadan, but not spend the night. She
must make her report to the police.<br>She leaves a scented note
promising future favors.
</p>
<li><p style="margin-bottom:0in">Thursday<br>Nadan spends most of
the day trying to get Bobby out of jail.<br>While he is occupied,
the secret police search his room. They are experts and leave no
trace.<br>They make a copy of his journal and get it
translated.<br>Nadan returns home, eats egg three.<br>He goes out to
the play, where he ends up performing.<br>The police return while he
is absent.<br>They found the mention of the eggs in the
journal.<br>Using a sniffing dog or other detector, they find the
poisoned egg and remove it. They are no longer concerned that Nadan
will see his room is disturbed.<br>Nadan goes to Ardis'
apartment.<br>Ardis falsely promises that the next day will be a
picnic in the park. She says the theater will be closed for Easter,
but tomorrow is actually Good Friday.<br>Nadan returns, finds the
journal disturbed. He tears out the incriminating section about the
Art Museum visit (shortening the record for Sunday).<br>Nadan writes
his last entries in the journal.<br>Police arrive and arrest him.
</p>
<li><p style="margin-bottom:0in">Good Friday<br>Nadan is
interrogated, probably tortured, and killed.<br>Police now know he
is connected to Ahkon Mirza Ahmak, of the Iranian nobility. There is
certain to be an inquiry.<br>They also know that Nadan showed his
family the journal before he left.<br>His journal is fed to the
story-composing computer to create a false ending.<br>The ending is
added to the journal by the forging machine.<br>Since the ending
calls for the death of Ardis, they kill her that night with Nadan's
gun.<br>The reader of the forged ending is supposed to conclude that
Ardis was a werewolf (or the hallucinogen made Nadan think so), and
that Nadan killed her and went into the interior of America alone.
</p>
<li><p style="margin-bottom:0in">Easter Sunday<br>The American
government will pull some kind of stunt. They may use a hidden
stockpile weapon (say from under Mount Rushmore) that still works to
create a terrorist incident, and use forged documents to put the
blame elsewhere.<br>A possible target is the Iranian moon colony,
New Tabriz. A bomb smuggled into a grain shipment there (by Golam
Gassem) could cause great devastation.<br>Good ones to blame would
be Turkey ("bloodthirsty race") or China (Iran had a
recent war with them, as shown by the reference to a modern version
of "Rustam Beg").<br>It may start a war (As Kreton wanted
to do in "Visit to a Small Planet").<br>The intent may be
to bring America back to more power in world, but mainly to bring
down countries they hate, like Iran.<br>"Sunday we will be
great again" is about the power to bring about destruction.
They have nothing to lose.<br>"When we feel cheated we are
ready to kill; and maybe we feel cheated all the time."</p>
</li></li></li></li></li></li></li></li></ol>
<p>MY PROPOSED ALTERATIONS TO TALLMAN'S THEORY:</p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;margin-bottom:0in">The majority of
that time line looks sound (I am not confident the police are killing
other dogs in the park, as later they seem to use whips, but
certainly someone kills the more dangerous beast for Nadan with a
laser rifle and gets rid of the body). Tallman has a firm rationale
for the missing night being early in the text, and explains many of
the small details, including the inconsistencies in Nadan's character
(such as the possible use of alcohol) and in the tenor of the tale
throughout the last several pages, where suddenly Ardis is seen as a
monster. He also makes use of the embedded plays and the religious
symbolism of holy week, with the procession and triumphant entry into
the city on Palm Sunday.
</p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;margin-bottom:0in">The character of
Mollah Nadan in <i>The Adventures of Hajji Baba</i> (from which many
of the Persian names come) is strict in his abstinence (at least
according to his own self-description), and at one point even claims,
“die rather than eat, or drink, or smoke. Do like me, who, rather
than abate one tittle of the sacred ordinance, would manage to exist
from Jumah to Jumah (Friday) without polluting my lips with unlawful
food” (Morier 321). This mention of Friday to Friday even resonates
with the text and supports the idea that Nadan in fact never consumed
the hallucinogen/poison during his stay.</p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;margin-bottom:0in">However, Tallman
has added quite a bit to the plot by supposing that America has a
weapons stockpile, and that this strike will be through Golam
Gassem's grain, when there are textual bits of evidence that actually
make the assault far simpler.</p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;margin-bottom:0in">When it is revealed
that the next play will be <i>Faust</i>, and Nadan wonders who will
play the part of the Doctor if Kreton is Mephistopheles, we need look
no further than the man who has made a deal with America for illusory
gain: Golam Gassem, whose first name implies “slave” or “servant”
with a small variation in spelling (Gholam). As the one Middle
Eastern name not culled from <i>The Adventures of Hajji Baba </i><span style="font-style:normal">(beside
Yasmin's)</span> we can guess that it has some other meaning.
</p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;margin-bottom:0in">The dream of the
bread with mold on it is ominous, and Nadan even wonders why America
would wish it. The meeting between Mr. Tallman and the grain
merchant, as well as the promise that Mount Rushmore hides something
underneath (coupled with Nadan's speculation that America's chemicals
and poisons have been sitting in hidden places for decades) creates a
better picture of the American plot. As the curator says, the smell
is the first level of communication, and America has chemicals than
can destroy when sniffed. When the grain of Gassem is distributed
and cooked into bread, the gray contamination Nadan dreamed of may
become an airborne reality. Nadan also saw trees in the walls of the
decayed buildings of Washington D.C. - <i>carpinus caroliniana</i>,
whose fruit falls and disperses through the air, growing out of
civilization's remains.</p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;margin-bottom:0in">This scheme is far
more plausible given what we know about America's current state than
the smuggling of destructive weapons which can be blamed on another
nation. Nadan still faces replacement, arrest, and probably execution
on Friday per the religious resonances with Holy Week.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">NAMES:<br> Since the majority of these
names come from other fictional works, it is not necessary to explore
their meanings assiduously.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> Nadan is named after a religious
figure in <i>The Adventures of Hajji Baba</i> who assiduously asserts
that he never commits excess or drinks (it is also a name for an
idiot or stupid individual). This might represent corroboration for
David Tallman’s idea that one of the huge continuity errors in the
story involves Nadan and Ardis sharing a drink when he previously
stated he did not drink to the man he always refers to as Kreton. In
the original novel he changes clothing with the narrator and is
punished in his stead.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> Osman Aga, the name of the fiction
writer in <i>Seven American Nights</i> reputed to use his reputation
to get free food and promote his next writing, is named after Hajji
Baba’s first master in the same book, who is trying to make a
profit off of lamb skins. (It is also the name of a historical author
who was captured and wrote <i>Prisoner of the Infidels</i> – this
might be a coincidence of allusion for Wolfe, though certainly Morier
would have been riffing on that historic figure in his novel.)</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> Hassan Kerbelai, the private
investigator trying to get money from Nadan’s family, is named
after the father of Hajji Baba, also a barber, as his son is. While
there is no “Hajji Baba” character, one of the actors in the play
is a barber. Mirza Ahmak is another character from Hajji Baba.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> Golam Gassem's name does not come from
the same source and seems to be an original Wolfe invention. I hate
to note it, but I feel it is a pun – his function will be to
effectively gas the dominant nations when his grain is turned into
poisoned bread tainted by the chemicals of America – Gas 'em.
Golam can imply a slave or servant.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> Ardis Dahl's first name means
“fervent” and Dahl implies “valley”, but as per the verbal
connotation of Gassem above, she serves the function of a doll to
attract Nadan.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> Bobby O'Keene's name is similarly
obvious – Robert implies “famed, bright, or shining” and Keene
can imply witty, sharp, or keen.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">FOLIAGE</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> In addition to the gray mold which
Nadan mentions, he also notices that in the buildings of Washington
DC, trees have begun to bloom. C<i>arpinus caroliniana </i><span style="font-style:normal">is
characterized by the small light seed pods which easily float on the
air, and perhaps this ability to grow through the cracks of
civilization is symbolic of America's plot as well.</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">SARDINIA</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> The man from the Smithsonian shows
Nadan a document from which he can read the word <i>Sardinia</i>.
Besides its position as a focal point into Europe, its etymological
presence is that of the sardonic grin – a plant commonly found on
the island makes corpses grin and grimace. The Sardonians had a
ritual of killing old people with the poison while laughing loudly.
This famous example of poison might support Tallman’s theory that
the hallucinogen given to Nadan might indeed be poisonous, and that
his game of Russian Roulette with the eggs is more deadly than he
thinks. If this is true, then certainly dogs being used to smell the
egg would be the only viable way to detect it, and explain the
shifting of the eggs from one side to the other (which would also
make use of the old man from the Smithsonian’s insistence on smell
as true communication).</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">MOUNT RUSHMORE:</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> There is a tunnel behind Mount
Rushmore which was originally envisaged as a hall of records where
important documents could be kept, but this appears to be just a
story. David Tallman theorizes it is a weapons cache, but I fancy
that the only weapons America has left are chemical in nature, the
same thing that destroyed them. Nadan says:
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0.5in">Americans were once
the most skilled creators of consciousness-altering substances the
world has ever seen … innumerable poisons for vermin, and a host of
unnatural materials for every purpose, also contrived synthetic
alkaloids that produced endless feverish imaginings. Surely some, at
last of these skills remain. Or if they do not, then some of the
substances themselves, preserved for eighty or a hundred years in
hidden cabinets, and no doubt growing more dangerous as the world
forgets them. I think that someone on the ship may have administered
some such drug to me.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Perhaps the tunnel beneath Rushmore is
one of these cabinets, were the substances have lain in wait for an
unsuspecting world.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">FORGERY:
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> In addition to Nadan probably drinking
on the final day and the problem of Ardis' deformity being so drastic
that it is sickening but undetectable in clothes, it seems that the
geography of the park is slightly off. The hotel should be east and
across a bridge (previously mentioned in the text) from the East
Potomac Park, but Nadan and Ardis walk North to reach it on the last
day.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">LITERARY REFERENCES:</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> The title is an obvious reference to
<i>The Thousand and One Nights/The Arabian Nights</i><span style="font-style:normal">,
but thankfully our tale is shorter.</span></p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;margin-bottom:0in">Almost every
Persian name in the story comes from James Morier’s <i>The
Adventures of Hajji Baba</i>. The emphasis the Mullah Nadan places
on not drinking in the novel really does highlight the character
inconsistency noted by David Tallman in his analysis of <i>Seven
American Nights</i>: he went from claiming not to drink to having a
half bottle of wine left in the climactic scene in which he
supposedly lights the alcohol with his pistol, revealing the hideous
nature of Ardis. According to the <i>Encyclopedia Iranica</i>, the
picaresque novel was considered:
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0.5in">An Orientalist
project <em>parexcellence, Hajji Baba</em> lampoons Persians as
rascals, cowards, puerile villains, and downright fools, depicting
their culture as scandalously dishonest and decadent, and their
society as violent … in the form of a biography of a “native,”
a composite Persian character whose imagined identity was wrapped in
deliberate ambiguities. ... Bizarre though it may seem, the Persian
translation of <em>Hajji Baba </em>was seen as a critical depiction
of Persia’s backwardness and moral decadence, a self-image that
begged for Westernizing remedies. (“Hajji Baba of Ispahan”)</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Perhaps Wolfe employed this stereotyped
vague and ambiguous character to create his novella, but this time
casting the critical eye on the Americans who in the 20<sup><font>th</font></sup>
century saw themselves as so great and civilized. Morier's novel was
not the only satire referenced.</p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;margin-bottom:0in">Even more
ironically, the theater puts on <i>Visit to a Small Planet</i>, a
farce that criticizes the age of McCarthyism in the United States, as
a paragon of what once was. Written by Eugene “Gore” Vidal, it
involves the spaceman Kreton arriving in the wrong time period. He
telepathically communes with the Spelding’s cat, named Rosemary.
Out of boredom he seeks to start a war, and in this novella America
will play the part of the alien. There are many changes to the play,
including changing the name of Ellen's lover to John Randolf (which
means “house wolf” or “protector”). The actor Terry plays
John Randolf and Ardis' husband in the second play as well – and
his disappearance, which does not seem to surprise Ardis, keeps Nadan
busy while his room is searched (he must play the part of her husband
instead in <i>Mary Rose.) </i><span style="font-style:normal">This
distraction allows the poisoned egg to be removed, serving to protect
Nadan for just a bit longer.</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> <i>Mary Rose</i>, from the author of
Peter Pan, is a ghost story: it depicts a woman who disappears twice,
whose development is retarded by her interaction with an ominous
island which wants to keep her forever. The second time she
disappears, it is for years, and her child grows up while she is
gone, though she does not age in all that time. She speaks beyond her
own allotted time as a ghost, as perhaps Nadan will after he
disappears. Mary Rose is also an inversion of Rosemary. No doubt
Gene Wolfe appreciated the synchronicity of Eugene Vidal writing a
play which included Rosemary as well. Mary Rose also involves a
mother's search for her son.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> The next play that they will put on is
<i>Faust</i>, and Nadan (or his replacement) wonders who will play
the doctor if club footed O'Keene is Mephistopheles. Most probably
the man who has made a deal for power and knowledge is Golam Gassem
in the role of Doctor Faust.
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> Nadan mentions the <i>Shah Nameh</i>
as inspiration for his romanticism and dramatic nature, an ancient
Persian epic which detailed the exploits of many heroes, including
the Persian Hercules, Rostam. When O'Keene quotes Fitzgerald's
<i>Rubaiyat</i>, another Persian work of enduring literature, Nadan
does not recognize it, though perhaps this is a commentary on
Fitzgerald's loose translation.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">RELIGIOUS ALLUSIONS:</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> Given Nadan’s presence in <i>The
Adventures of Hajji Baba of Ispahan</i> as a holy man and his visit
to Washington D.C. during holy week, it is appropriate to overlay the
religious connotation on the story itself. Christ is apprehended
after his last super on Maundy Thursday and put to death on Friday.
In this story, It seems much of Nadan's Thursday is spent trying to
release Kreton and it is probable that Nadan will be arrested after
finishing his journal that night – this puts all of Friday into the
territory of “fiction”. His entrance into the city proper on
Palm Sunday then matches the entrance of Christ to Jerusalem, and the
gaudy clothes of the celebrants echo the bright colors used to
decorate churches during Holy Week.
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> The text stops before Easter Sunday –
the only resurrection we see might be America's if they can succeed
in bringing the other powers down, though here they represent
something far more inimical and duplicitous than we would expect.
However, the earthquake of Kreton's step, the thunder of the word
police, and the time as three o'clock all resonate with the execution
and death of Christ.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">UNANSWERED QUESTIONS:</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> Why doesn’t Nadan recognize
Fitzgerald’s<i> Rubaiyat</i> (a very famous Persian work of
literature) when Kreton quotes it? Admittedly a loose translation, is
this a commentary on his inability to perceive the “spirit” of a
translation or is it a clue that Nadan has already been replaced?
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> Is Nadan really there to regain the
miniatures from the Smithsonian?</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> Is there really no credence to the
detective Hassan Kerbelai’s involvement?</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> Why does the prostitute who looks like
Yasmin have the same deformity as the “exotic” American who plays
Kreton? Is it possible that there is something ambiguous in the
gender of Billy O'Keene?</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> Given that my thesis wholeheartedly
endorses an American plot that employs the grain merchant and its
insidious airborne chemicals transmitted through smell (Gas em!), do
the two theories which account for the missing egg (excised day from
the journal in Borski’s scheme versus Tallman’s idea of a drug
sniffing dog stealing the egg) really have more weight than an idea
which posits that the monstrous creature he kills or the final days
could be something hallucinogenic in nature? It seems that in order
to make use of every detail in the text, Nadan must be replaced, and
his arrest before Good Friday is the best possible place for it,
especially considering how that point of the text ends with the words
culminating in “end”: “If our love is not a great love,
destined to live forever in the hearts of the young and the mouths
of the poets, it will be so before the end.”</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">CONNECTION WITH OTHER WORKS:<br> Like
the other novellas of the 1970s, “Seven American Nights” explores
identity, perception, and cultural motivation and alienation. It
even casts America as a rather unmitigated villain, constituting one
of Wolfe’s most universally well-rounded works. The use of external
plays and references to explore themes was present in both <i>The
Fifth Head of Cerberus</i> and <i>Peace. </i>Despite Peter Wright’s
assertion, there is still an objective back story which makes use of
most of the details present in the text. Perhaps the truly
inscrutable text from this period in Wolfe’s career remains
“Forlesen” rather than “Seven American Nights”.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"> The widespread loss of America's
relevance most resembles <i>Operation ARES</i>, and both works have
sinister animals and the definite loss of civilization's aegis at
night in the streets of the East Coast. The possibility of
imprisonment and police abuse show the Kafkaesque in Wolfe, a streak
which extends from <i>The Fifth Head of Cerberus</i> to <i>The Land
Across</i>.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">RESOURCES<br>Borski, Robert. “Far
Plutonian Shore.” <i>The Long and the Short of It</i>. New York:
iUniverse, 2006. 52-61</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">“Hajji Baba of Ispahan.”
Encyclopedia Iranica. Vol. XI, 6, 2003. 561-568.
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Morier, James. <i>The Adventures of
Hajji Baba of Ispahan</i>. Google E Books, 1895.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0.5in">
WolfeWiki. “Seven American Nights.” 21 November 2011, Web.
September 9, 2014.
<a href="http://www.wolfewiki.com/pmwiki/pmwiki.php?n=Stories.SevenAmericanNights"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.wolfewiki.com/pmwiki/pmwiki.php?n=Stories.SevenAmericanNights</font></a></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0.5in">
Wright, Peter. <i>Attending Daedalus: Gene Wolfe, Artifice and the
Reader.</i> Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2003.</p>
</div>