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<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">“<font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">In
Looking-Glass Castle” first appeared in 1980 in </font></font><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3"><i>TriQuarterly</i></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">
and is reprinted in </font></font><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3"><i>Storeys
from the Old Hotel. </i></font></font>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">SUMMARY:
In a female dominated United States, men, considered pigs, are hunted
and scorned. Reproduction is undergone through cloning. A
mathematician working for an important space project moves to West
Cocoa Beach, Florida, (Cocoa Beach was a minuscule Florida village
until the space program brought an influx of workers) and buys a
house whose previous owner died under somewhat suspicious
circumstances, drowning. She finds a few volumes of fiction written
by men behind the accepted female authored texts in her library and
also realizes that some of her food is disappearing. Eventually, she
confronts the bearded man who seems to live in the shadows of her
house, but does not turn him in. He begins to leave her small gifts,
such as books by Lewis Carroll. Eventually, the police search her
house, and she takes the first opportunity to escape by accepting a
position on a boat. Even there, she sees the face of the man below
deck.</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><a name="_GoBack"></a><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">COMMENTARY:
Perhaps Wolfe’s definitive exploration of the aggressive feminist
philosophy which desires exactly the same method of power and
influence as that stereotypically sought by men, “In Looking-Glass
Castle“ is complicated by the enormous number of allusions for such
a short story. Many of them are probably irrelevant on a plot level
(for example, the gifts of </font></font><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3"><i>Sylvie
and Bruno</i></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">
and </font></font><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3"><i>Pillow
Problems</i></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">,
two books by Lewis Carroll, are almost certainly present to highlight
the real reference at work in the title, </font></font><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3"><i>Through
the Looking Glass</i></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">
(and </font></font><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3"><i>Alice
in Wonderland</i></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">)).
In addition to the overwhelming drowning imagery, as can be seen in
the literary allusions discussed below, we can extrapolate fairly
easily that Daisy will not long survive the end of her story. As a
microcosmic reflection of her self-destructive society, several of
the themes are quite clearly explored in Daisy’s character.</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">Daisy
is a female mathematician who must hide her status as a doctor from
the public, but for all her book knowledge, she wonders if her car is
made of aluminum or fiberglass. This lack of practical understanding
is mirrored in her society, which treats everyone with suspicion. It
understands the cold theory of how things work without understanding
specifics of happiness and fulfillment (such as the idea that if one
is lonely and unfulfilled, one can simply take a cell scraping and
beget a clone). That car also serves as a simple metaphor – the old
fashioned cars cannot long survive the corrosive atmosphere, and
neither can old fashioned women. Daisy isn't certain which type of
vehicle she has, nor is she certain which type of woman she is. When
she mishears “the sisters got her” for “the cistern got her”
when she inquires as to the fate of Jane, the previous owner, coupled
with the necessity of hiding her degree, we see that there is very
little solidarity or trust left. Instead of a supportive sisterhood,
all relationships are suspicious. While the logic the man uses to
keep her from turning him in may be spurious (blaming her for
knowingly harboring him), there is enough truth in his claim that his
denouncement of her would logically have disastrous consequences.</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">Mention
of sympathizers in the North and the fact that the male-authored
texts of Maupassant and Kafka are found in the library read to pieces
forces us to make an interpretive choice. Did the previous owner,
Jane “Something”, read those stories until the pages fell out on
her own, or is the man who lurks in the shadows of the house real?
When Daisy is confronted with the man at last after suspecting his
presence, they have a fairly long discussion, and she asks if he
killed the previous owner (who refused to clone herself and probably
resisted other aspects of the society). By my reading, Jane was in
love not with any real man, but with the idea of them, and was a true
“sympathizer” mentioned in the text, who read those books. When
her ideals became obvious, her sisters killed her. Thus, the idea
and imago of man leads to her murder. When asked if he will kill
Daisy in the same manner, he replies in the negative (see unanswered
questions below). Jane was murdered by her sisters for embracing the
idea of man. It seems more likely that Daisy, in trying to flee, is
more prone to self-destruction, a different kind of death. </font></font>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">Daisy
is actually not a true sympathizer – she fears loneliness and
having too much responsibility. When Char Cavallo dies of a heart
attack, we see some of the unnatural stress which has been created by
this system. When a new woman comes to the apartment, Daisy offers to
let her stay in the house rent free, “but the new woman was
attractive and had, it seemed, better offers.” Daisy can't even
attain the companionship she craves by opening her house for no
charge.</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">Of
course, the possibly imaginary male serves as a mouthpiece
criticizing the entire ideology of this brand of feminism, which
seeks to take the power of the masculine and then eliminate males as
unnecessary: “The sphere of logic has never been the world of women
and men. If we can manage to forget it, we can both be free, or at
least as nearly free as we are capable of being. … [Logic] should
serve us, and not master s. Don't you agree, for example, that if we
both wanted the same thing, we could not both have it. Look, here's
a slice of bread … we could divide it between us – evenly, or by
some complicated formula you would work out. But if we both wanted
the whole slice, could we both have it? Both eat it?”</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">The
critique of the all female society inherent in the text is strong:
Daisy must balance her loneliness with the need to seek
companionship, and she is forced unnaturally to think of other women
as a man would: “She was quite good looking, Ms. McKane thought …
though perhaps a little too old. … Her left hand was beside her
leg, where the agent could touch it easily if she wished. She did
not.” The same games that men and women play with each other are
found in this new society, and Daisy is exasperated by having to
assume the more masculine role because of her relative lack of
attractiveness. Her horrors are of solitude and loneliness: “of
running down on a lonely road, and so many roads were lonely now.”
She wonders if she “can find someone to live here with [her]” and
can’t clone herself, for she knows that “unless [she] can find
someone to share the house, there’d be no one to look after the
baby.” She even finds herself forced to pay for a meal after being
invited to lunch as a matter of course with no offer of splitting the
bill, and thinks to herself, “How is this better?”</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">When
Wolfe comments that the society is based on those of bees or ants in
his introduction to </font></font><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3"><i>Storeys
from the Old Hotel</i></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">,
the large size of Pearl, the woman across the street, seems something
like the increased size of the insect queen, and she has actually
reproduced in the fashion accepted by this society. However, this
process is repugnant to Daisy because of her personal revulsion for
Pearl, and the “eccentric” Jane also refused it, though perhaps
for different ideological reasons. </font></font>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">It
is quite clear that the society’s entire basis is suicidal, and
that Daisy serves as a mirror to show its effects. In seeking to
suppress and eliminate the male figure, the society still operates in
almost the same exploitative way, except some of the females like
Daisy must abandon their feminine roles and serve more masculine ones
or be left alone. Has this forced Daisy to conjure a fantasy? In
many ways, while the work is realistic in nature, many of the
allusions are to fantasies. Indeed, the final literary allusion, to
</font></font><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3"><i>Cradle
of the Sea</i></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">
by Joan Lowell, was published as a memoir in which the main character
fabricated an entire life raised on the sea, with the ship finally
sinking as she swum to shore with kittens clinging to her back.
</font></font><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3"><i>Through
the Looking Glass</i></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">
is a similar phantasmagorical fantasy, a dream reality where things
in the real world have cognates through the mirror but are not
necessarily physically real. When Daisy moves to the house in
Florida, her size is emphasized, just as at the beginning of </font></font><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3"><i>Alice
in Wonderland</i></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">,
when Alice eats or drinks to shrink or grow to gigantic proportions:</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">“<font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">[The
house] was uncomfortable as a garment too large is uncomfortable by
its very looseness. She had felt big and clumsy in her tiny Boston
apartment Now she herself was tiny,without force, without impact in
this hulking structure. She made noise for the sake of noise and
found herself wondering … if someone were not pounding her front
door. … She seemed to be eating too much and felt sure it was in a
subconscious effort to grow larger.”</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">Something
is missing in her life and her subconscious is working to make things
“fit”. In this scene in </font></font><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3"><i>Alice
in Wonderland</i></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">,
the tears shed a giant cause a flood which almost drown her later,
and this theme of drowning is repeated again and again in Wolfe's
story. At first Daisy thinks the woman across the street is speaking
of the previous tenant of the house who capsized in a boat, when in
fact the woman's cloned daughter Pearl IV perished in that fashion.
Daisy dwells on the idea of “Jane rolling dead, naked in the surf”,
though in reality she as been thrust down the cistern out back. This
fall also seems to resonate with Alice's fall down the rabbit hole
into a world that has some nightmare qualities. Daisy resolves to get
a cat (Alice’s experiences in </font></font><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3"><i>Through
the Looking Glass</i></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">
began by playing with her white and black kittens).</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">Certainly
the death of the Char Cavallo, with the name which means black night
or black horse, summons the scene in </font></font><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3"><i>Through
the Looking Glass</i></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">
when Alice is threatened by the red knight. Is there really a white
knight to save her in this reality?</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">Any
attempt to brand the man as a phantom of Daisy’s conscious must
confront her claim, “You killed the other woman – the one before
me”, to which he responds, “Indirectly and unintentionally, yes.”
When she first hears him, she thinks, “the sound was so devoid of
stealth that as soon as it had died away she felt sure it had been a
waking dream, a phantom of hearing.” When the police cannot find
any trace of her male guest, his reality really does seem to be that
of Daisy's fantasy (like the fabricated memoir </font></font><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3"><i>Cradle
of the Sea</i></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">
– a fantasy masquerading as reality, or Alice's dream, with real
objects inspiring a dream fantasy).</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">Ironically,
the spaceship that Daisy is working on is called the </font></font><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3"><i>Aphrodite</i></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">,
the goddess of love and procreation (though it is perhaps fitting
that in at least one origin story she arose when Uranus' genitals
were cut off and thrown into the sea). The nautical ship on which
Daisy finally embarks is named after a famous Australian opera
singer, Frances Alda, reputed to have a strong temper and bitter wit.
Her attempt to escape is frustrated: “In the darkness below deck
she glimpsed the stowaway's bearded face.”</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">The
final effect of attempting to flee but seeing the man's dark face
underneath lets us see that Daisy's attempts to truly escape him are
impossible. We can expect that she, too, will drown, but by her own
hand in an attempt to escape the that which cannot be fled. When she
steps into looking-glass castle, she sees in a distorted mirror the
things which have been missing from her life – it is not a true man
she sees, but the absence lurking inside her, given form. For a
looking-glass is nothing but a mirror to behold the self.</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">LITERARY
ALLUSIONS:</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">Of
course the female authors represent the canon with the male figures
excised or cut out, so there is perhaps little thematic purpose for
their presence (Jane Austen, the Brontes, Mary Shelley, Flannery
O’Connor, and Dorothy Parker) . However, there are three male
authors referenced: the short stories of Guy de Maupassant and Kafka,
as well as the works of Lewis Carroll. </font></font>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">In
addition, the poem “Harp Song of the Dane Women” by Kipling is
misquoted by Daisy as “Go to the old gray window-maker.” The
poem is important because it seems to summon the allure of the
killing sea (which is the “old gray widow maker), for whom men
would leave their women. Clearly the word widow no longer exists in
Daisy's society.</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">What
is a woman that you forsake her, <br>And the hearth-fire and the
home-acre. <br>To go with the old grey Widow-maker? <br><br>She has
no house to lay a guest in<br>But one chill bed for all to rest in,
<br>That the pale suns and the stray bergs nest in. <br><br>She has
no strong white arms to fold you, <br>But the ten-times-fingering
weed to hold you <br>Out on the rocks where the tide has rolled you.
<br><br>Yet, when the signs of summer thicken, <br>And the ice
breaks, and the birch-buds quicken, <br>Yearly you turn from our
side, and sicken— <br><br>Sicken again for the shouts and the
slaughters. <br>You steal away to the lapping waters, <br>And look at
your ship in her winter-quarters. <br><br>You forget our mirth, and
talk at the tables, <br>The kine in the shed and the horse in the
stables <br>To pitch her sides and go over her cables. <br><br>Then
you drive out where the storm-clouds swallow, <br>And the sound of
your oar-blades, falling hollow, <br>Is all we have left through the
months to follow. <br><br>Ah, what is Woman that you forsake her,
<br>And the hearth-fire and the home-acre, <br>To go with the old
grey Widow-maker?</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">While
it is impossible to pin down only one of probably 300 short stories
of Guy de Maupassant as being of particular import, fortunately I am
familiar with one that has an eerie kind of resonance – one of his
fantasy tales, called “The Horla”. The narrator lives by the
water and waves at a three masted ship, and soon finds that someone
is living in his house, drinking his water. Believing himself to
have gone mad, he tries to travel and escape his situation before
seeing a mesmerist. The mesmerist makes a woman believe a playing
card is a looking glass. He even flirts with the idea of poisoning
the unwelcome guest in his house: “How could I kill Him, since I
could not get hold of Him? Poison? But He would see me mix it with
the water; and then, would our poisons have any effect on His
impalpable body?” (Maupassant 25)</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">However,
the nature of the Horla is vastly different from the man living in
Daisy’s house, unless he represents a physically stronger other:
“One might say that man, ever since he has thought, has had a
foreboding and a fear of a new being, stronger than himself, his
successor in this world, and that, feeling him near, and not being
able to foretell the nature of the unseen one, he has, in his terror,
created the whole race of hidden beings, vague phantoms born of fear”
(Maupassant 19).</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">He
even comes to see the thing in a looking glass: “Behind me was a
very high wardrobe with a looking-glass in it, which served me to
dress by every day, and in which I was in the habit of inspecting
myself from head to foot every time I passed it. So I pretended to be
writing in order to deceive Him, for He also was watching me, and
suddenly I felt, I was certain, that He was reading over my shoulder,
that He was there, almost touching my ear” (24). The narrator
beholds the phantom in the looking-glass, because it is very possible
that the phantom is the narrator's own broken mind. After burning
down his house, the narrator’s final conviction is that, “I
suppose I must kill myself.” (27)</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">With
all those similarities, there are still enough differences to remain
uncertain as to its impact on Wolfe’s story, and perhaps it is the
attempted suicide of Maupassant after a descent into syphilitic
madness that we should take away from reference to his stories.</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">The
connection to Kafka is even more nebulous and speculative. The
alienation and reaction to a man become a bug or vermin in a
household might evoke the feeling of “Metamorphosis”, or even the
presence of the death boat in “The Hunter Gracchus” carrying the
long dead titular character, wandering aimlessly and eternally over
the seas after falling to his death. In his introduction, Wolfe says
that he imagined the society based on that of bees or ants, with
their strong eusocial groups dominated by a queen and female workers.
Perhaps this is enough for the Kafka “Metamorphosis” reference –
human society transformed into something insectile. The Wolfe-wiki
takes this analysis in a different direction, and claims “In the
Penal Colony” is the relevant Kafka story because of its
totalitarian state with harsh punishments. It also posits
“Mademoiselle Pearl” as the relevant Maupassant story, when an
old maid is chosen as queen for twelfth night. This is also
possible. </font></font>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">The
attempt of a pawn to become a queen as is indicated in the movements
of Alice in </font></font><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3"><i>Through
the Looking Glass</i></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">
certainly resonates with the story, as Daisy even quotes the White
Queen. If there is any specific chess move that is being used here, I
think that it involves the threat of the Red Knight, which is
thwarted by the White Knight. In Wolfe's story, the Queen has gotten
rid of all her knights.</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">While
the writings of James Tiptree Jr and Joanna Russ are never explicitly
mentioned, there is certainly a sense that the zeitgeist following
their feminist SF promoted an environment for the writing of “In
Looking-Glass Castle.”</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">Borski’s
claim that Edith Berg indirectly references Alban Berg’s </font></font><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3"><i>Wozzack</i></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">
goes a step too far for me. We have enough imagery of drowning and
the sea to avoid having to resort to name magic.</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">UNANSWERED
QUESTIONS:</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">The
kindle version of </font></font><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3"><i>Storeys
from the Old Hotel</i></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">
has an interesting change from my published print version. The
answer he gives to her question, “Will you kill me the same way?”
is “Not.” In the print version, he says, “No.” The question
is of course loaded anyway. If he says yes, he will kill her. If he
says no, it won’t be in the same way. Which answer is more
definitive, “not” or “no”? Is there truly any grammatical
distinction between these two answers?</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">While
the very title “In Looking-Glass Castle” evokes all the chess
imagery and the obvious Alice references, it still describes a castle
that is primarily a mirror. Alone in the house, has Daisy just begun
to see herself and her own frustration and fears? If the Maupassant
story “The Horla” is truly one of the sources, where a kind of
progressive insanity leads to suicidal self-destruction, then we can
assume, beyond the idea that she will kill herself, that the man
haunting her is quite probably a manifestation of her own fears and
desires.</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">If
he isn’t a part of her subconscious, how does he know to avoid the
poisoned food and where does he hide? If he IS a part of her
subconscious, how did he indirectly kill the previous tenant? Does
sympathizing with the plight of suppressed men and what they
represent constitute enough on our phantom's part to claim that he
actually indirectly killed Jane?</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">There
is one point when the man claims that if Daisy tries to hurt him,
then that would be the only thing that would make him stop being
afraid of her. Is this a complicated way of saying that she can only
hurt him by hurting or killing herself? </font></font>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">CONECTION
WITH OTHER WORKS:</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">The
society depicted in </font></font><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3"><i>There
Are Doors</i></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">
is one that is dominated by females by a trick of biology rather than
by choice and is far more sympathetic than the social order in this
story, but the fascination Wolfe has with a matriarchy in the later
part of the 1970s (“Many Mansions”) and throughout the 1980s (the
exploration of the war between the triple goddess and mother earth in
the Soldier series, in addition to other short stories) fades as his
career unfolds. Often criticized for putting females in secondary
roles or depicting them as sexual manipulators or objects, here we
have his most blatant depiction of women in power, but the theme,
that attempting to change our nature to conform to society's
expectations is destructive and perhaps suicidal for the soul, is not
as vitriolic as many might first claim – the critique is of a very
particular type of militant feminism which appropriates masculine
power and eliminates rather than engenders and embraces.</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">Maupassant,
Guy. “The Horla”. </font></font><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3"><i>Hyperfiction</i></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">.
2010. Web. 21 August 2014.
<a href="http://www.eastoftheweb.com/short-stories/UBooks/Horl.shtml">http://www.eastoftheweb.com/short-stories/UBooks/Horl.shtml</a></font></font></p>
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