<div dir="ltr">
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Silhouette</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><i>Silhouette</i> was published in <i>The
New Atlantis</i> in 1975. It is collected in <i>Endangered Species</i>.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">SUMMARY:</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">The story opens with a quote from
Ambrose Bierce's “A Psychological Shipwreck”:
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0.5in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0.5in">To sundry it is
given to be drawn away, and to be apart from this body for a season,
for, as concerning rills which would flow across each other the
weaker is borne along by the stronger, so there be certain of kin
whose paths intersecting, their souls do bear company, the while
their bodies go fore-appointed ways, unknowing.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">In the far future, set in a constantly
shifting low gravity space ship in search of new planets to inhabit
after the Earth has been ecologically damaged, it seems that a recent
war has placed German culture at the forefront and that a rigid class
caste system is in place in which those of higher class can
periodically request even sexual favors from those of the lower
classes, which cannot be refused except for medical reasons. The
ship was originally controlled by a computerized God-like overmonitor
which has become something of a useless, seldom consulted oddity,
scrapped by its female Captain.
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">The ship has reached the double star
system of Algol, the winking demon, and is exploring a planet with a
supposedly breathable atmosphere. The thick foliage on the planet
fights to get underneath and escape the harsh ultraviolet rays of
Algol, fleeing the sun rather than seeking it out. The Captain wants
them to make a landing on the planet to populate it for 2 years so
they can then return to Earth, but different and mutinous groups are
vying for control of the ship. Johann, a senior officer, notes that
the lights in his chamber are failing, but maintenance can find
nothing wrong.
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">He requests the presence of a lower
class crew member named Grit, who is reluctant to accede but must.
Johann, off duty, goes to speak to Grit on the bridge but is kicked
off by the Captain – it is clear that he wanted to be a part of the
expedition.
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">A male crew member named Emil comes
with words of endearment for Johann, who treats him coldly. He calls
Johann “O betrothed of fortune.” He indicates that Johann wants
to be a captain, unlikely now that the war is over, and the reason
that Johann joined this expedition. Johann was promoted to Lieutenant
sometime during the journey, and his leg has also been smashed. Emil
asks to be called Grit, so that he can hear affection in Johann's
voice, but Johann refuses.
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Johann naps then goes into the three
sided corridors where crewmen walk on all the sides – gravity is
only maintained by the sandals they wear. He goes to the old library
table to gamble with books. The books mentioned are a Dore engraved
<i>New Testament</i>, Thornton Wilder's <i>The Eighth Day</i>,
Dineson's <i>Seven Gothic Tales</i>, Chesterton's <i>The Wild Knight</i>,
a guide to the wild birds in Texas, a manual of letter writing, a
historical almanac, and a handbook on power tools. When Johann goes
to eat it is revealed a new girl, plump Gretchen is the undercook,
since the old one, Anna, killed herself. Much of the crew and the
marines who serve as the main fighting force have been asleep for the
17 year duration of the trip. Ottilie the main cook, puts an arm
around Gretchen and gives her food in another sexually suggestive
moment.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Johann returns to his room and “reads”
<i>The Wild Knight</i>, then hears a whispering in his room, and he
feels “for an instant the icefoam wall panel with its single light
seemed very far away – as far as Algol itself, millions of
kilometers down a tunnel in space. It throbbed like a heart.”
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Grit awakens him floating in his
chamber and refuses to serve him now, believing he is ill or on some
drug. Johann's forehead is cut, and she washes it as he touches her
breasts, which she objects to. When she leaves, he finds that his
shadow is immensely dark and no detail can be found where it falls.
It whispers to him. When he closes his eyes, he hears “the soft
sound of air-blown sand, dry and insistent, and the scuttling of a
small animal” and a sighing wind he knows to be unreal. A voice
ask, “Friend?” to which he replies affirmatively.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">He visits the doctor, Karl, who
diagnoses a concussion and suggests he has nice legs and shoulders.
Here Johann reveals that while he was asleep he dreamed he was on the
planet below, following it to a chasm full of waterfalls and giant
ferns and orchids. He will mention this visit later when he fights
Helmut, the man whom Johann believes both the Captain and Grit
prefer.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Johann knows that the Captain wants to
convince the government humanity can settle on the planet
Neuerddraht, but Johann believes living on planets is a mistake.
Johann questions the breathable nature of the air since breathing
devices are being used, and the Captain chastises him. (In this
scene, Grit is filling in for Gerta, showing something of their
interchangeability, though clearly Grit is a less refined, chubbier
female – see the refinement of Sap discussion below).
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">When Johann returns to his chambers,
Heinz and Emil are waiting for him with incense burning. The cabal
of mystics, Heinz, Emil, Gerhart, and Elsa, all had some form of
vision of Johann's name, and Heinz discusses the signification of
each of the letters, saying that in times of crisis a priest will
appear, and that they believe Johann will be that priest. Johann
asserts that Earth must be dead by now and laments the loss of
traditional values. Heinz and Emil want to go to the planet, and
Johann says he has no power to influence events or he would be down
on the planet himself.
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Almost immediately after they leave, he
does find himself walking on the planet, smelling something like a
fire in a flower garden or myrrh. He sees trees black against
Algol's light, and walks towards them, at which point the voice
implores him not to turn around. The voice says it did not bring
Johann, and promises to tell only the truth. Johann says, “Promises
no longer hold. There is nothing left to swear by. No honor. No
God.” To this the voice replies that “You still have the word.
I found it in your mind.” (Note that in <i>Faust</i>, for comfort,
Johann Faust looks in the gospel of John, which begins with the
rather famous “In the beginning was the Word ...”).</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">The voice thanks Johann for returning
him to the planet and says that Johann sleeps but is not dreaming. He
turns around to see his shadow in Algol's rays. When his hands touch
the cruel spines of the first tree, the voice speaks to him again,
saying, “I did not leave. But because you had seen me, you could
not hear me. Now you cannot see, and so I can speak to you again. I
can guide you through this, though it must be slowly.” His body is
moved and protected from harm.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Gerta, the yeoman of his watch, wakes
him, and at this point his room is bright again. Gerta says that
“hell is going to pop on the bridge.” When Johann arrives, he is
in time to see Helmut tell the Captain a man has been seen on the
planet, dressed like them.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Johann goes to talk to the overmonitor,
which is called “God” by the crew. It had been fused to junk by
the Captain but survived in fragments. He thinks of Neptune and the
last message he sent to Marcella, then visualizes a frieze of the god
Neptune. He asks why breathing apparatus must be worn on Neuerdrahht
and gets no real answer from the monitor save that they have been
ordered to do so. The overmonitor does not clear channels
automatically as it should, claiming that it doesn't as a matter of
ship survival. The clerks explanation is that it wants someone to
talk to it so it keeps requesting questions. He thinks of the
overmonitor as “the little man in Dostoevksi's <i>Notes from the
Underground,</i> hunched beneath the floor of some neglected
storeroom in the remote module.” The clerk claims the overmonitor
is insane, but it estimates only a 0.237 probability of ship survival
over five years for poor ship operation, low efficiency, and a
failure to consult the overmonitor.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Johann returns to his bunk and looks up
astral projection, directly mentioning Padre Pio and Goethe and
revealing the date to be 2214 as he speaks into his voisriit. He
notes that modern men are perhaps less honest, and speculates that
the projection may involve the soul, then thinks of the body as a
giant community of microorganisms, cousin to the microbes. A red
haired woman named Uschi (a diminutive of Ursula, which means “little
bear”) comes to tell him the captain wants him.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">The Captain is listening to music that
suggests a storm. She speaks of Pleasureworld as the inspiration for
the music, the first leisure satellite, where soil was made from
guests excrement and the trees without gravity grew like giant
tangles of yarn. She reveals that the composer went into an arctic
labor camp and never got to see the satellite. Her orderly brings in
drug bugs, fancy and genetically modified crab lice that serve to
expand the consciousness during sexual encounters. Johann reveals he
hasn't been there since the first year of the journey and his leg was
crushed. Here it is revealed that the captain has had cosmetic
surgery to make her eyes the green color of algae.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">He hallucinates of an encounter with
his old Earth girlfriend Marcella, in the wild wind and flowers of
nature, vowing never to return to the artificial city. He comes to
his senses with an orderly cleaning him, and then returns to his
compartment to be met with Heinz, a woman, two other men, and an
androgynous figure. They claim to be a coven of spiritualists who
acknowledge that the physical world is an illusion (perhaps echoing
the Walpurgis scenes in <i>Faust</i>). The believe that the void is
people by beings of great power who can traverse space
instantaneously without ships. His shadow is identified as a
familiar.
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Here the voice begins adding its words
to Johann, asking what they want. He remembers an old jealous run
in with Grit on Helmut's lap, snorting in powdery drugs and happy in
her excess. He helps Helmut put her to bed, and she reveals that her
birth name was Joan, though psychologists don't encourage mothers to
select old fashioned names such as that one. His reverie over,
Johann turns his attention back to his present situation.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Here, Heinz quotes, “Lying spirits
all, whose rancor runs blacker than their reach.” They reveal they
will take the ship and rule as a group with voting power. Johann
says there can only be one Captain. Johann says it would be more
dangerous to be a part of that group than to fight against them
openly. The shadow neutralizes them easily and cows them into
retreat, though one throws a pick as he runs out. Johann signals
the bridge and tells Horst that the five were planning a mutiny.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">He tries to ask his shadow what it is.
Then he admits, “I know I'm not right. My mind has been slipping
for some time – I know that. But you're real. … they were afraid
of you.” The shadow says, “By instinct I follow your will, to
better remain in your shadow. If you disbelieve – I am inhibited
from speech.” Grit arrives to see if he is all right, and is
surprised this is the first time he has been asked to take part in a
mutiny. She indicates the Captain knows and that the bald man in the
group was named Rudi, saying she is sorry he is mixed up with him.
(Rudi means famed wolf).</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Grit is bothered by the lights in his
chamber. Johann shows some jealousy over Helmut and Grit and she
says, “He's nice; he's fun to be with sometimes, and he's generous.
… But he's not as handsome as you are, and not as strong, and he
can be very silly at times.” Here Grit says she is bothered by
Johann's treatment of people he touches – thinking something which
is perhaps implied to be possessive (or perhaps implying that it
means something to him). She undresses. She reveals Rudi sells
drugs and thought the cult only a sideline for the drug business.
There is another dangerous group, those who want the overmonitor
reinstated.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Johann is upset the Captain hasn't told
him of all these groups threatening the ship. He pushes her away and
she angers, saying “You're just the type, just the kind that does
it. Alone all the time and so very, very intellectual. When was the
last time you talked to the overmonitor?”</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Grit says the overmonitor is the same
thinking that ruined Earth, and Johann sees his shadow reach out and
infect Grit's in an inversion of the Michelangelo's <i>The Creation
of Adam</i>.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Later on the bridge, he watches the
ship change, to which the yeoman of the watch, Gerta (taller and
thinner than Grit) remarks how ugly it is, like a bacterial nucleus.
Gerta says that the Captain is going to go down to the planet so that
when she returns to Earth she can speak as a witness at hearings and
interviews. Johann reveals he wants to see the planet as well, but
that it already seems ruined by a race older than humanity.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">The captain has woken up the marines
who will defend the ship in case of a mutiny. Johann thinks that a
yeoman is like a wife, and wonders why he has never been one of
Gerta's lovers – she is tall and slender like the Captain. Johann
kisses her neck as he starts to leave, but Erik, Helmut's second in
command, interrupts his egress, saying that they found a city on the
planet, with piers for the ships that the sand surges against. He
shows a photo of three strange structures, and Johann goes to ask the
overmonitor if he has left the ship, to which it replies that he has
been absent or dead on several occasons.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">The monitor says, “temporal quanta
are not emitted at a uniform rate, but at a rate dependent upon the
velocity of the body experiencing the time in question. Since time
is composed of quanta, the reduction in the rate of passage of time
must be explained as a reduction in the rate of emission of these
quanta. This reduction implies the existence of hyper-time, by which
the rate of emission is measured, and this in turn implies the
existence of hyper-time intervals of some duration between the
emission of the time quanta applicable to a rapidly moving body. If
motion were continuous, it would cease with a consequent release of
energy during these hyper-time intervals, since motion without time
is motion at infinite velocity No such releases of energy have been
observed, from which it follows that motion is discontinuous –
consisting of translations of the moving body from point to point,
corresponding to the time quanta emitted.” I will attempt to talk
about this in the section labeled Quanta of Time below, but I think
roughly the idea is that objects are discontinuous, and translations
of the moving body from point to point need not be uniform in nature
and can conceivably involve large jumps.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Johann believes Erik has been
hallucinating, and requests to go down to the planet with Helmut and
the marines. The Captain refuses. She says she has revived the
marines because they have not been changed over the 17 year long
journey and have their original patriotism.
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Johann remembers leaving and writing
Marcella why he must go, but remembers few details of the briefing
before they left on the mission. He thinks that she is long dead.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Johann goes to the landing boats and
inquires which brought Helmut back to the ship. He prepares a life
boat with food, water, and survival gear for later escape. The
shadow urges him to go, but he wants to take Grit and his books.
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Helmut appears and asks if progress has
been made studying the microorganisms from the planet. Helmut
remarks the amount of them is astonishing considering how dry the
planet is, and Johann reveals that there are water in the crevasses,
with thicker air, and Helmut realizes Johann has been down on the
planet and was the man his group saw. Helmut believes Johann is
working for the Captain and immediately attacks, but his shadow
prevents the blow like “black tissue” and also covers Helmut's
mouth, killing him.
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">On his way out Johann sees a dead
marine sentry and realizes the mutiny has begun, thinking Helmut
might have been part of the occultists. The fighting has begun, and
Johann ditches his blouse. His shadow succeeds in opening the
Captain's compartment and he joins the Captain, Elis, Gerta, and
Grit. She calls the mutinous group the C.O.C. and are trying to cut
their way through to the bridge. On the screen, they see the dead
Helmut, an illusion of the monitor, enter the lab where a laser is
being built to cut through to the bridge. Johann reveals he has an
escape pod and tells them they can escape to the watery crevasses of
Neuerddraht. The Captain flirts with Grit on the way. Johann
realizes that the overmonitor has begun to fight, too, and is
interfering with the boards that would show the Captain which way to
go and might be able to cut off and sever parts of the ship.
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Johann knows that it cannot cut off the
bridge so he encourages them to head back. Grit disappears after
saying that she can smell the plants of the hydroponics module, which
is now connected to the bridge. They run through the foliage of the
hydroponics module (where Rudi was a technician) to the hatch of
Johann's escape pod. The Captain indicates Johann should enter last,
deferring to his rank as “the leader of the escape”. He does not
enter the pod and lets Gerta close the hatch, then apports back to
the bridge as the tender is shot into space, his shadow standing
before him on the hatch.
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">The fake Helmut tells the marines to
surrender on his broadcast, but it is simply the overmonitor's bluff.
Johann tears apart the connections allowing the fake broadcast and
announces to all screens that the mutiny is over. He says he will
pardon the mutineers and that loyal crew members are expected to help
wipe out insurgents, identifying himself as Captain. The overmonitor
indicates that five year survival is 0.383 probable and rising.
Johann says he will not consult the overmonitor.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">“In a storm, land as the enemy He
kicked off his sandals and floated over to the navigation panel to
begin the laborious business of setting a new course.”</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">DISCUSSION:</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>Compared to Wolfe's other novellas
of the 1970s, there is practically no critical discourse or extended
discussion on “Silhouette.” Ironically, though I find many of
Borski's conclusions to be a step too far, his post on “Silhouette”
is actually a good starting point, especially for recognizing its
deliberate and intentional Faust allusions (his Faustian analysis of
Peace has far less overt textual support). The play Faust itself
rambles quite a bit, so perhaps Borski's identification of the story
as a mystery play goes too far. Those wishing to review his entire
argument may do so here:
<a href="http://www.urth.net/urth/archives/v0017/0072.shtml"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.urth.net/urth/archives/v0017/0072.shtml</font></a></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Are Johann's final actions good or
selfish? It seems that the Captain and Gerta have been jettisoned to
the planet despite his promise to return (or was that spoken to his
shadow?). Grit simply vanishes, perhaps returning to the crevasses
below, and those final moments certainly make us consider both the
Faustian allusions and the storm motif that haunts the text.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">LITERARY ALLUSIONS:</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">JOHANN WOLFGANG GOETHE OR JOHANN
FAUST?:</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Unlike many of the supposed references
to Goethe in some other Wolfe, this one is exceedingly clear in
referring to Johann Wolfgang Goethe, and besides being a man of many
hats (artistic, political, and scientific), Goethe has that wolf like
middle name to attract Gene's attention. The text even explicitly
mentions “Goethe's friend” in regards to apportation (though
there are two apportation stories in Goethe's life). The three
females whose names begin with G (Grit, Gretchen, and Girta) can all
be derived from Margeret, and his lost earth girl Marcella, has a
name that begins with M.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Johann is the first name of both Goethe
and his character Faust, but luckily the character in “Silhouette”
is called “betrothed of fortune” by Emil … after a quick
perusal of names meaning fortunate or lucky, I was astonished and
edified to find Faust means exactly that: Fortunate or Lucky. So
Johann is Faust. However, the actual mapping of the story of Faust
onto Johann's struggle on ship is not so easy. Perhaps the despair
and his unhealthy and ill-fated desire for Grit and the sad fate of
his relationship with Gretchen forms one link, and we know that
Mephistopheles serves as Faust's double at times in Goethe's version,
but several key themes are ambiguous: the over-monitor indicates that
Johann in charge of the ship greatly increases the chances of
survival, and the shadow colony that follows him around always helps
him in defeating the diabolists and followers of the over-monitor who
threaten him.
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Johann abstains from the drugged
excesses of his peers, though the drug bug culled from a crab lice
with the Captain does echo the scene in Faust when he deals with
witches in a hallucinogenic kind of fairy story. It is almost
impossible to identify the true devil in “Silhouette” - the
over-monitor, the Captain who destroys it, Johann, his shadow, and
the diabolists all seem to desire their own form of control over the
formless ship, with Johann and his shadow emerging victorious (though
the shadow is not explicitly mentioned again after he observes it on
the escape pod).</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Goethe's <i>Faust</i> begins with a
Job-like deal between Mephistopheles and God, but the second part
culminates in Faust's redemption, beginning with his journey into the
womb or “realm of the mothers” to bring back ideal beauties.
Perhaps the amniotic atmosphere of the ship and Johann's lament for
the lost values of life resonate with the second part of <i>Faust</i>
rather than the more readily apparent and well known first part.
However, in the first part, Faust signs a contract in blood with
Mephistopheles which will grant Faust's desires but cost him his soul
at the moment of his greatest contentment. Johann receives some
bloody wounds on the planet when he first comes into contact with his
shadow familiar, and it does serve him as Mephistopheles serves
Faust. Grit's disappearance in the final scenes before Johann steers
the ship away from the planet also seem to resonate with the fate of
Gretchen in the Faust play: in jail for killing her child, she
refuses to escape while Faust and Mephistopheles flee. Johann
finally has his captaincy and the ship may survive, but is his
partial betrayal of Gerta and the Captain amoral and damning?</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">OTHER LITERARY ALLUSIONS: STORMS,
SHADOWS, DROWNING, AND DELUGES:</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">I feel that, much like <i>The Fifth
Head of Cerberus</i>, the literary allusions throughout “Silhouette”
contribute to its thematic conclusion. The opening quote, from
Bierce's “A Psychological Shipwreck”, is important for several
reasons.
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">It deals with a supernatural affinity
that, at least in the quote, if not in the story, sounds like
apportation, the transportation of consciousness across vast
distances and time, and references a disastrous sea voyage that
results in destruction. Its narrator is on ship with a young adopted
girl and looks into her eyes as the ship sinks, then wakes up on the
same day on a very different ship with a roommate who claims that
they have been on that ship since its debarkation, and that his
fiance, the young girl who drowned in our narrator's visions, took a
different ship to rendezvous later because of the displeasure of her
adopted parents over the relationship. It seems that the lost,
probably drowned, girl is the daughter of a man of the same name as
our narrator from a branch of his family that settled in the South of
the United States, unknown to him. Thus, their familial kinship
created the “Psychic Shipwreck” that allowed him to experience
her final voyage in his visions. Whether or not he was ever there is
unclear, though the made up quote from Denneker's meditation would
seem to indicate it is a drawing together of the “soul” rather
than the body.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">In the trading book game in
”Silhouette”, in which the books are contained under small covers
and seem to be palm sized storage devices (like an extremely limited
flash drive), several other works are mentioned, including Isak
Dineson's <i>Seven Gothic Tales</i> and Thornton Wilder's <i>The
Eighth Day</i> as well as GK Chesterton's collection of poems, <i>The
Wild Knight</i>.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">The portions of <i>The Wild Knight</i>
quoted are:</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">My eyes are full of lonely mirth:
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Reeling with want and worn with scars,
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">For pride of every stone on Earth,
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">I shake my spear at all the stars.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">In a science fictional way, this
indicates that though damaged and broken, humanity has turned its
derision and angst towards the heavens and the galaxies outside its
origin point. However, settling on the planet in the Algol system
would almost certainly be a mistake, though the Captain wants to
settle there so they can then return to Earth, which has been damaged
probably beyond repair.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">A live bat beats my crest above,
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Lean foxes nose where I have trod,</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">And on my naked face the love</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Which is the loneliness of God.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">The figure which accompanies these
verses is characterized by anger and restrained power. Here, love
involves loneliness, and Johann turns the ship away from the planet,
distancing humanity from a landlocked planetary existence but dooming
it to the loneliness of space.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">These verses are from the poem “The
World's Lover”, the speaker a supposed sorcerer who is cursed for
mentioning that the leaves are green (reveling in the natural world),
and is then scourged by thorns and whipped, and the people call to
crucify him, praising the Lord – he is killed and becomes food for
the vultures. (Soon Johann is cut along his arms and legs and his
head bruised from his apportation to the planet right after reading
the poem). Note that the final action of Johann is to turn away from
the world, and he seems to believe that living on planets is an
anomaly.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">The storm motif is present in a few
scenes. When Johann is with the Captain and discussing the
constructed Pleasureworld, actually made from excrement, he thinks of
a storm attacking a jetty, and in the very end he knows that land is
the enemy during a storm. The other texts mentioned deal with storms
and ships quite directly, and Erik's report deals with a rather
disturbing implication to the seas of Neuerddraht:
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0.5in">“There are piers
jutting out into the sea – piers for the ships, that the sand
surges against. I went out onto one of them … the stones are still
solid enough, though they're not really stones, and stood at the end,
and I swear to you, Lieutenant the ocean that isn't within a thousand
kilometers of here washed over my feet and the sand blew and sang so
I my ears that I nearly fell, almost fell off the end of it as I
stood there looking out into the ocean with the unwalled houses all
behind me and the ships beating their gongs in the rain out there in
the whirling bay.”</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Where is Erik experiencing this? What
has happened to the creatures that lived in these houses?</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Thornton Wilder's <i>The Eighth Day</i>,
which is, according to the author, about “evolution – Man
evolving and individuals evolving (and back sliding!)”, is clearly
relevant – the novel was originally designed around Goethe's poem
“Tyche” and still quotes Goethe several times “Beware what you
long for in youth, for you will get it in your middle age.” In
addition, we have a murder where the suspect, though innocent, is
forced to relocate his entire existence in escaping “justice” …
eventually, he will drown at sea. In addition, one of the
character's joins a church combining spiritism, Indian philosophy,
and healing that “seemed to her to reflect many ideas, many
affirmations, that she had acquired from her lifelong reading in
Goethe.”
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">In <i>Seven Gothic Tales</i>, it is
quite clear what appeals to Wolfe: characters in costume and in
disguise, telling stories within stories, but there are a few
specific references that directly tie the work to the German future
of “Silhouette”. The first story involves rising waters and
flooding threatening to drown a group of people from a variety of
classes stuck together, including a supposed Cardinal. The cardinal
speaks of sanctity and how only in context with everything else does
any particular thing become sacred, before this quote:
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">“All their shadows, thrown away in
the circle from the center of the stable lamp, reached up to the
rafters under the roof. In the course of the night it often seemed
as if it were these long shadows which were really alive, and which
kept up the spirit and the talk of the gathering, behind the
exhausted people” (Dinesen). After this point they share a meal
much like the last supper and the cardinal faints, and when he
awakens he is far weaker, but it seems that leadership and strength
transfers somehow to another character almost symbiotically. In
addition these characters are not who they seem – the bishop is
merely someone who pretends to be him and who in fact murdered the
original bishop, and is actually illegitimate royalty. They will all
drown in the terrible deluge brought on by the storm, regardless.
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">The second story bears two portions
that would be irresistible to Wolfe, concerning a married couple and
their extra-marital explorations “Before I had ever met her I had
read about her family, whose name ran down for centuries through the
history of France, and learned that there used to be werewolves
amongst them, and I sometimes thought that I should have been happier
to see her really go down on all four and snarl at me, for then I
should have known where I was.”
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">An even more explicit reference to
Faust may be found: “And in the air there was a theory, which
caught hold of them there, that the jealousy of lovers was an ignoble
affair, and that no woman should allow herself to be possessed by any
male but the devil. On their way to him they were proud of being,
according to Doctor Faust, always a hundred steps ahead of man. But
the jealousy of competition was, as between Adam and Lilith, a noble
striving.”
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">No doubt this idea of male and female
relationships plays out with Johann and Grit, with a very similar
interplay, though the coupling with the Captain seems to mirror this
competition between Adam and Lilith. The <i>Seven Gothic Stories</i>
mention Goethe several times. The final story, “The Poet”,
involves a story of a man obsessed with poetry and mentions Goethe at
least four or five times as an ideal.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Here is a brief analysis of the names
in the text.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Johann: while it means “God is
merciful” and the last name Faust means “fortunate”, its
meaning connotes less than the story Wolfe references.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Grit - the short underclass girl in
whom Johann seems most interested, is a name clearly derived from
Margeret (child of light). Her birth name was Joan, “gift from
God.”</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Gretchen- the name means pearl, but it
is a pet form of the name Margaret.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Gerta- (an alternate spelling could be
Gerda) could mean protection. Of special note is that this name
sounds almost exactly like the proper phonetic pronunciation of the
word Goethe to an English speaker. While the goddess Gerda might be
invoked, it is also conceivable that Girta is a derivative of
Margaret.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Marcella- Johann imagines Marcella when
the “drug bug” is employed in his mandatory tryst with the
captain. (Marcella implies strong and war-like, and at the beginning
of the text Emil mentioned that Johann wanted to be a captain but
“with the war over it wasn't likely ever to happen” so Johann
joined the expedition.)</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Emil – the male shipmate who begs
Johann to call him Grit in one of the most unique scenes in Wolfe,
could be named after Emil Ludwig, who is responsible for recovering
Goethe's remains and also wrote lengthy biographies of both Goethe …
and Napoleon, which Wolfe references in Peace as the source of Weer's
off color comments about Napoleon's hand.
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Helmut – Johann envies him for the
affection he believes Grit harbors for him, though she later claims
Johann is more handsome. His name means “Brave”, and he has been
on the planet, but returns to the ship. Johann kills him and he is
then used by the overmonitor as an image to keep hope among its
followers alive.
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Horst – his name means wood or
thicket, man of the forest.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Rudi – one of the mutinous spiritual
conspirators who Grit is sorry to see Johann mixed up with, he is
bald and his name means “famed wolf”. His day job involves the
hydroponic plants (plant engineering?) Hmmm.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">QUANTA OF TIME:</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Forgive me in advance – my scientific
training is in biological sciences, not truly in physics.
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">The overmonitors discussion as time
consisting of quanta, or units, seems to deal with Planck and his
observations of black body radiation which lead him to posit that
light and other electromagnetic energy are emitted in discrete
packets of energy. Planck showed that nature is discontinuous and
discrete, made up of small units. Here, the relationship between
velocity and time is being explored as an aspect of those quanta or
units and their speeds. I am not certain that time is actually
composed of quanta, though we can measure its passage
relativistically.
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">In physics everything can display a
wavelength, and here the wavelength of Johann and other individuals
is manifesting a discontinuous presence, perhaps manifesting as real
from that wavelength. I am not entirely certain how sound the
physics of this section is, especially when the monitor begins
talking about hyper-time, but interestingly enough the characters do
seem to have an energy valence in the story (Grit and Gerta are
similar in Johann's attraction to them and interchangeable as yeoman
of the watch, but it is clear that Gerta is higher in valence, both
derived from Faust's Margaret) and I feel that Planck's work with
black body radiation is somehow important to the science behind these
Silhouettes, given the light from Algol and its unusual ultraviolet
rays, coupled to its dark twin. I feel that the shadows are composed
of cellular quanta which might even conglomerate into a colony,
leading us to our next section, where I feel much more comfortable.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">COLONIES OF CELLS</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">In addition to the ships rearrangement
being amorphous, it is directly compared to a bacterial structure:
Gerta says, “Ugly, isn't it … With all those loops and ravels? I
think this ship out to be long and slender and graceful – like the
Captain, if you know what I mean. This one looks like a bacterial
nucleus under a microscope.” The idea of the ship itself as an
amorphous nucleus gives the metaphor at work in the novella a large
frame of reference. Algol compared to a distant beating heart could
be another such huge multi-celled organ system.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Helmut also reveals why the breathing
apparatuses are necessary on the planet: it is clear that Karl has
been doing studies on the bacteria on the planet: “The airborne
bacteria. If they can show they don't infect human beings, or cook
up a vaccine, we won't have to wear the things. You wouldn't think
there would be such a stew of single-celled organisms floating around
in a place that's as dry as that one, but there are.” These
organisms flourished in the water garden Johann visited during one of
his apportations.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">In regards to the thought of
apportation, Johann records into his voisriit: “Offhand, it would
seem impossible that the living body could be dissolved in one place
and recondensed in another without a fatal disruption of its
functions; but the body is only an immense community of
microorganisms, each, as has been known for hundreds of years,
capable of existing and reproducing, in a satisfactory environment,
without reference to the rest. The personality, which conceives of
itself as existing without interruption from birth to death, has no
physical reality, since no cell of the body endures for more than
half a dozen years. Rather it is like the spirit of some long
continued enterprise, which survives the extinction of generations
...” Thus, apportation, the constantly shifting ship, and the
shadow cells that can flee from one shadow to another but maintain a
personality, which might conceivably have the demon star Algol as
their heart and command center (or even Algol's dark shadow
companion, if they flee the light of Algol), show organisms as
amorphous collections of smaller cells.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">METAMORPHOSIS OF PLANTS</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">In addition to the Faustian echoes in
“Silhouette”, I believe the story explicitly references Goethe's
scientific treatise on plants, which dealt with three basic
principles.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<ol>
<li><p style="margin-bottom:0in">unity of form in diverse
structures, such that every aspect of the plant was simply a
metamorphosis of the leaf. Goethe called the leaf “The true
Proteus who can hide or reveal himself in all vegetal forms.”</p>
<li><p style="margin-bottom:0in">refinement of sap: the idea that
the movement of sap from low to high places was almost an act of
purification, such that lowly tubers were mired in filth and the
flowers of the plant pointed ever heavenward.
</p>
<li><p style="margin-bottom:0in">Expansion and contraction in
cycles: Goethe posited that plants developed in 3 basic cycles of
contraction, visible in meristem ontogeny.</p>
</li></li></li></ol>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">“Silhouette” is in many ways
symbolically related to the early Wolfe story “Morning Glory”, in
which the mutated plant seeks to find the true light outside its
petty container, mocking the artificial university knowledge as
almost an institution devoid of true light. Here, the plants on
Neuerddraht flee the light of their sun (note that this resonates
with the refinement of sap: struggling to reach further into the
earth, the true light of the winking demon binary system is too
damaging). There is no refinement of sap: they struggle to go ever
lower, like mankind, grounding itself and fleeing the celestial, as
the captain wants them to set down on a planet ill suited to their
survival.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">The ship also seems to have the
unlimited metamorphic quality of a leaf: it changes positions and
expands and contracts almost randomly, according to some unknown
purpose, made of ice foam that seems like the cell walls found in
plants. The shadows colonies which communicate with Johann are
equally amorphous.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">At the end of the novella, Johann, who
finally achieves the captaincy he was reputed to covet, turns the
ship into space and away from the grounding of Neuerddraht, or “New
earth wire” - which could be taken electrically as well as a ground
wire.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">In addition, the formlessness of the
ship, with no gravity, also seems to be a symbol of aimlessness. No
sexual identity, no gravity, and no authority. Johann gives voice to
these modernist fears directly: “Look back five hundred years [note
that Goethe would have lived about 450 years before the time Johann
is subjectively speaking in]. Everything valued then is dead now
beauty in architecture and language – freedom – the family,
kinship, the tribe – all the relationships of blood, all dead.
Religion, the dream of objective justice, the very ideas of a garden
and a forest – all dead.” To which his visitor, Heinz, replies,
“Religion isn't dead … I was a diabolist back on earth.”</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">If mysticism survives, it is corrupt,
as are all the institutions. Ironically, man has left a destitute
earth and, seeking a new world, has found the Algol system.
Pleasureworld, a false paradise, is actually made from excrement, and
in space the urine of the passengers is recycled as water – the
entire ship is infested with flabby rats. The drug bugs that increase
sexual pleasure are nothing but modified crab lice, an infestation.
Humanity seems to have lost its way.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">ALGOL:
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><a name="body"></a>The star has a bad
reputation. “It causes misfortune, violence, decapitation,
hanging, electrocution and mob violence, and gives a dogged and
violent nature that causes death to the native or others. It is the
most evil star in the heavens.” (Robson). If this is the beating
heart of the shadowy cellular conglomeration organism in contact with
Johann, then the alliance between man and silhouette might be more
diabolic than it first appeared.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Algol, the winking demon, is a binary
star composed of two stars that were long considered to be one, a
light and dark binary unit, with a prominent place in astrology as an
“evil” constellation, it does seem that nothing good can come of
man stopping here. Traditionally, Algol is part of the Gorgon's head
held by Perseus in the constellation. Since the gorgon could not be
looked upon without the observer turning to stone, it is interesting
that “vision” plays such a part in the ability of the silhouette
following Johann to speak only when he is not being looked at
directly.
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Indeed, there is a scene in which
Johann is on the planet and sees Algol in the sky. Only some time
after the sun sets and complete darkness returns does he begin to
hear his Silhouette speaking again. For this reason, and with the
image of Algol with its dark shadow sun throbbing like a heart in
space, there is at least a chance that the being which has been
summoned into collective existence might even be the demon star
itself – a colony of cells that maintain separate existence but
group consciousness. Johann's thoughts on apportation presage this
(though it is of course possible that the cells making up his
Silhouette are not actually connected to Algol).</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Additionally, the name of our main
character, Johann, with even explicit mention of “Goethe's friend”
and apportation must also make us consider the connotation of the
<i>Faust</i> story (the historical story referenced runs that Goethe
and his friend saw a man named Frederick in his nightgown on the
street in Weimar, who was actually asleep at the time in Goethe's
house, visiting from Frankfurt and as yet unknown to Goethe.
Frederick also claimed to have had a dream of Goethe in Weimar).
Goethe also claims to have seen a vision of his future self riding in
the woods on horseback only to realize eight years later that he was
riding in the same suit of clothes as he saw himself those many years
ago.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">THE SHADOW:</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">It is likely that Johann's shadow
colony appears from the very first page, the reason for the failing
light in his chamber, which no diagnostic test seems to be able to
detect. These are probably the bacteria and organisms Karl is testing
on, running free, unsure that they will ever be able to return to
their home until Johann takes them with him in his apportation. The
shadow spreads from one wall to cover another, and eventually it
joins Johann's shadow, making its pact with him. It saves his life
several times, and he also spreads something of its aegis to Grit. I
believe it is related to the bacteria being studied by Karl from the
planet - they share the photophobic nature of the rest of life on the
planet, hiding in the shadows. Algol and its dark twin might mirror
Johann and his Silhouette and their connection, but it is conceivable
that the binary star also has something to do with the consciousness
of the shadow. Eventually the light in Johann's chamber will begin
working of its own accord, after the entity or shadow colony has
taken up full residence in Johann's own shadow. It is unclear
whether Johann leaves his shadow behind in the hydroponics plant or
not, and if it leaves with the escape tender holding the Captain and
Gerta.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">SETTING AND SEXUALITY:</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">The action occurs on June 5<sup><font>th</font></sup>,
2214, according to the relative flow of time on the ship, which has
been on its mission for 17 years, though it seems that relativistic
speeds would make the actual date on earth about 2500 or even later.
Johann wonders why there has been no apportation since 2150. The
only relevance to the date June 5<sup><font>th</font></sup> that I could find is
that it is the feast day of St. Boniface, who is the patron saint of
Germany and the “Apostle of the Germans” (and was credited with
the first Christmas Tree in some stories). There is every indication
that there was a war, and that birth names like “Joan” are old
fashioned and unused, but German names are in vogue.
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Class identities are extremely
stratified and reinforced by nutrition and even height – the female
Captain is taller than Johann and towers over Grit. Johann requests
Grit's sexual presence as often as he is permitted, and the female
Captain seems to be able to call upon lower class males as well.
However, there is no indication that males can call other males of
lower class to serve their sexual desires (or it could be that Emil
is in a lower caste than Johann, or he might) in this class set up,
though bisexual encounters are quite common.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Wolfe has of course examined class
relationships and even prostitution before, but it this is the first
truly foreign system we see in his fiction, where every six weeks you
can “force” someone from a lower caste to serve you sexually,
which they can only refuse in light of some form of illness.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">UNANSWERED QUESTIONS: With the planet's
photophobic plants and the ominous “winking demon” double star,
shadowy twins, does the alliance between Johann and his silhouette
represent a Faustian bargain? Johann is not a diabolist as several
of the other crew members are (it seems the last vestige of religious
sentiment lies in “perversions” of religion) but he does seize
power at the end and Grit simply vanishes, as Gretchen refuses to
leave her prison in <i>Faust</i>.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Even though the overmonitor is called
God at one point, does it necessarily imply that it is a false one to
be avoided, especially considering it is complicit in the rebellion
against the captain and the creating the image of Helmut after he is
dead?
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">When Johann says that he will not
consult the over-monitor, is this hubris or a return to genuine human
capability without reliance on the artificial? Is he just “the
right man for the job” - a war-time/stormy weather captain? (Note
that his ideal woman, whom he left behind, Marcella, has a name which
means martial or warlike).</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Is Johann's seizing of power a moment
of salvation or damnation for him? Clearly it will save the ship.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Regarding the ancient civilization on
the planet with houses and an ominous stormy sea in Erik's
description – are the shadows a remnant of that civilization or
responsible for its disappearance? The name of Algol with all its
negative connotations might have some impact on our answer.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">SETTING AND CONNECTIONS WITH OTHER
WORKS:<br><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Johann uses the voisriit transcriber
explicitly mentioned in “The Blue Mouse” and “Monster” (in
this work its black boxy description also seems to match the
description of the black box Cutthroat speaks into in “Tracking
Song”)… but there is one other thing I wanted to mention. For an
author accused of sexist caricatures of women all the time, there is
a brief little section in Wolfe's career where it looks like his
future world is run by women in what could almost be a dialogue with
James Tiptree, Jr.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">These include “In Looking Glass
Castle” (men are pretty much outlawed), “Many Mansions” (the
female being spoken to is a clone grown in a test tube, as it is
hinted all of her sisters are, but there is no mention of brothers or
men at all in the “victorious” faction of humanity), “The
Eyeflash Miracles” (the security guards who kick them off the train
are women, and I believe there is a female authority figure
referenced in the work), and in “Silhouette” the height and power
of the captain, as well as the statement that Johann was unlikely to
ever be promoted to Captain after the war ended, at least hints that
gender relationships in this caste system are very complicated
(However, it may very well be that it is purely caste in nature and
does not recognize any kind of gender distinction [the ubiquitous
bisexuality on board might also hint at this attitude]). This also
occurs in <i>There Are Doors,</i> but that is closer to fantasy than
SF and has a different kind of biological explanation. The most
dystopian of these for sympathetic characters is probably “The
Eyeflash Miracles”.
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">The overmonitor and a long ship life of
course remind us of the fragmentation of Pas on the Whorl as well as
the ship in “The Other Dead Man”. Johann has the infamous
crushed leg so prevalent in Wolfe's long fiction, but here there is a
slight echo of Marlowe's Faustus, where someone pulls on Faustus' leg
to wake him and it comes off in their hands.
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">The strange shadows and plants on the
planet in “Silhouette” definitely remind us of the trees and
Shadow Children in <i>The Fifth Head of Cerberus</i>, and perhaps
even the Vanished People of Short Sun, yet I feel that these plants
are slightly different. They flee the light, and in that regard I am
reminded of the wonderful modernist work “Morning Glory”, in
which the dream plant scours endless corridors to seek out true
light. In the short story “The Blue Mouse”, there is some
mention of dark strangers hungry for blood, but the time line would
not seem to allow those visitors to be from Neuerddraht. Here, the
true light of Algol is damaging, and the plants instinctively hide
from it. Even the Silhouette which speaks to Johann can only do so
when he is hidden from sight. This concealment from visibility is a
very interesting motif, and I am still wondering if the consciousness
is entirely colonial in nature, with Algol as its heart, or if the
cells necessarily flee Algol's light and are actually antithetical to
it.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>Sources</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Borski, Robert. “Silhouette”. Urth
List. <a href="http://www.urth.net/urth/archives/v0017/0072.shtml"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.urth.net/urth/archives/v0017/0072.shtml</font></a></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Chesteron, G.K. <i>The Wild Knight</i>.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Dinesen, Isak. <i>Seven Gothic Tales.</i></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="font-style:normal;margin-bottom:0in">Goethe, Johann
Wolfgang. <i>Faust.</i></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Robson, Vivian E. <i>Fixed Stars and
Constellations in Astrology.</i></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Wilder, Thornton. <i>The Eighth Day.</i></p>
</div>