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<p style="margin-bottom:0.14in">“<font face="Calibri"><font size="3">To
the Dark Tower Came” first appeared in Orbit in 1977 and is
collected in <i>Storeys from the Old Hotel.</i></font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0.14in"><font face="Calibri"><font size="3">SUMMARY
WITH SUBJECTIVE COMMENTS:</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0.14in"><font face="Calibri"><font size="3">Gloucester
and Kent, “who would die that day”, discuss the senility of their
ruler in a very cold tower. Gloucester provides a fake history for
the word senile, saying it comes from the verb sendan (Anglo Saxon
for “to transmit”) and Nilus, which he claims is a “mythical”
river in Africa where old ruins were scattered (we know the Nile is
real though, right? And that the real root of senile is the latin
senex/senilis to connote “old”).</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0.14in"><font face="Calibri"><font size="3">They
peer out a small window through ivy, and Kent says he sees fog, but
Gloucester states they are clouds, but that they will still manage to
get down eventually. Kent believes if he jumps out and leaves the
window unguarded, a bear or jaguar might enter. Gloucester says,
“poor creature”, but his pity is a bit ambiguous in its placement
– does he feel that way regarding Kent or any beast entering the
tower? They discuss their desire to be gone and to courtier no more,
and Kent reveals one of his ancestors could fly (Clark Kent, of
course). Gloucester gives his own take on Superman (Nietzsche style),
and then vast wings outside prompt Kent to put his head and shoulders
through the small window. Though the walls of the tower appear flat,
“Kent knew it to be round .. (Some indeed, said that [the radius of
the tower] was infinite).”</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0.14in"><font face="Calibri"><font size="3">Kent
climbs out onto the dark green foliage over an enormous void. A
vampire flies outside dislodging men and women climbing the ivy.
Then it catches them in their fall and does something uncertain to
them, enfolding them in wings “like a scud of sooty smoke” that
makes them disappear. </font></font>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0.14in"><font face="Calibri"><font size="3">Gloucester
assumes the mass of the tower is so great that it has its own
atmosphere, with its center being the resultant of the attraction
between the tower, earth, and moon. He calls the tower the “Spire
Sans Summit.” They speculate that it connects the earth and the
moon, and Gloucester says, “There are footprints on the surface of
the moon, you know. Even though the king would have us believe all
this is happening long before that time.” They descend.</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0.14in">“<font face="Calibri"><font size="3">The
room below might have filled all the tower, from wall to wall, with a
domed ceiling higher in the center than the room was wide; so that it
seemed like a world unto itself.” Gloucester is thankful that it
is an orrery rather than a throne room, though Kent says it still
might be one. </font></font>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0.14in"><font face="Calibri"><font size="3">A
sun burns with thermonuclear fire and the walls painted with the
zodiac, and a wounded bison says, “Long have I ruled – a hundred
years and more” in the king's voice. The voice says he has starved
his enemies and built his tower.</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0.14in">“<font face="Calibri"><font size="3">In
the dream of serving others, they have served me. Pisces the whale I
penned in a tank of glass, sheltering her from the waters I poisoned.
Does not that show the love I bore her? The poison was needed for
the making: scientist and sorcerer am I.” (The consonance begun by
Gloucester continues throughout).</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0.14in"><font face="Calibri"><font size="3">Gloucester
here says that “The lower parts of the tower are worse than the
higher. Or the higher are worse than the lower, as may be,” as
rats as large as buckets gnaw through a hole near the bison's feet.</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0.14in"><font face="Calibri"><font size="3">The
king continues to talk, claiming that he can renew himself and that
if he dies the tower would fall with him, with rats at the
foundation. Kent is injured badly by the septic teeth of the rats,
and then Gloucester “clove its spine with a single stroke.”
Gloucester promises to carry Kent wherever he wants to go, and then
the boy king comes, invisible at first because the sun is at his
back. “The boy wore a crown. He was about thirteen, but his eyes
were the cold, mad eyes of the king. Maidens followed him; these had
no eyes at all – only little flames, like candles burning, in the
empty sockets.” He claims he does not remember the names of Kent
and Gloucester, and Gloucester replies, “In the beginning you
called us Youth and Learning, sir; you promised us a great deal.”
Clearly, Kent is supposed to be Youth.</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0.14in"><font face="Calibri"><font size="3">The
king says that if they behave themselves, he will fulfill his earlier
promises, but walks away when asked if he will heal Kent.</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0.14in"><font face="Calibri"><font size="3">Kent
says, “Call back the king, Gloucester, and carry me to the window.
With one single bound I will leap this tall building; and that is
something a boy should see.”</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0.14in"><font face="Calibri"><font size="3">DISCUSSION:</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0.14in"><font face="Calibri"><font size="3">One
of the themes of the story is certainly semiotic slippage (wait a
minute, said the skeptical scholar...) In this case, I feel that it
is an examination of the smallest unit of semiotics, called a sign –
in this case, S.</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0.14in"><font face="Calibri"><font size="3">Gloucester
speaks in consonant sibilance from the first page when he starts in
on senility, and it continues throughout: “So you say it’s fog.
All right, sir, climb out. So soon as your feet are on good, solid,
ground … I pride myself sir, on being a sound sullen scholar; and
when there is nothing more to be done, we triple ‘S’ men recast
the data – integrate, integrate, integrate, and three pump
handles.” </font></font>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0.14in"><font face="Calibri"><font size="3">I
suppose the appearance of the integration symbol in math here serves
as a command that looks like an S but has a rigorous application,
transforming the letter s from an idealized unit or phoneme into a
process command that follows precise mathematical rules, and then
finally into a symbolic near representation that serves a less mental
and more practical function in the form of old “s” shaped pump
handles. The S, placed on a man, obviously summons images of the
impervious Superman, who Kent will emulate (thus being both Clark
Kent and Shakespeare’s Earl of Kent from King Lear). Gloucester’s
take on Superman is closer to that of Nietzsche or George Bernard
Shaw than DC comics: Gloucester claims he was “A symbolic figure …
he represented the strong man who, ridding himself of the
superstitions of the past, devoted himself to improving his own
powers and achieving mastery of others. Actually there have been a
number of people who’ve tried it, but someone always shoots them.”</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0.14in"><font face="Calibri"><font size="3">Fascinatingly,
the idea of Nietsczhe’s Ubermensch posits an existence devoid of
spiritual or otherworldly aspirations, and the surrealistic setting
of “To The Dark Tower” belies and undercuts this possibility
(note, too, that Kent’s plunge off the Tower will kill him).
However, it does set up an interesting examination of something
diseased and crazy ruling in the orrery, set up to look like the
solar system. Gloucester claims that the Nile river is nothing but a
fiction, and the orrery is an artificial but enormous room in the
tower with an artificial sun and planets and an insane ruler, which
seem to encompass the entire tower, which spans the moon and earth.
The gnostic, fake, highly engineered reality on display has little
behind it – the King is not actually hiding behind the wainscot,
but when he does appear, he cannot at first be seen because the sun
is at his back (note the light of the sun almost effacing the
existence of the son, here).</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0.14in"><font face="Calibri"><font size="3">What
do particular images stand for? It seems that the bison which is shot
by an arrow and called the monarch of the plain, so important in
American History, also seems to grow from the wooden panels of the
zodiac (of which Wolfe is a Taurus born in May, the bull). The bison
has been shot to the heart (in addition to resonating with the
hunting to extinction and the loss of that innocent early America,
also invokes Sagitarius the archer). </font></font>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0.14in"><font face="Calibri"><font size="3">Since
Wolfe admits that this story came almost fully grown from a dream,
with a bit of polishing, any interpretation has to question … how
much conscious polishing?</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0.14in">“<font face="Calibri"><font size="3">Once
in a rare while, I have a dream so vivid and organized that it can be
written with a minimum of polishing; these dreams are always like
nightmares, like 'To the Dark Tower Came.' I can't imagine why anyone
would want to psycholanalyze me, but if anybody does, that's the
place to start.”</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0.14in"> <font face="Calibri"><font size="3">Is
there enough polish to escape a surreal and imagistic impression with
a more concrete, scientific, and traditional narrative structure?
Symbolism (Wolfe's favorite S concept, no doubt) in Wolfe is always
tricky because it is surprisingly concrete – in New Sun, water
somehow becomes healing, death, and resurrection in almost every
metaphor, and on a re-read it is no surprise that healing will
involve a deluge. The symbols somehow become concrete within the plot
(as, at least I believe, the Shadow Children riding Marshmen in <i>Fifth
Head of Cerberus</i> clues us into Shadow Children infecting Marsch).
This concrete and literal use of symbols sets Wolfe apart from some
other authors (Vronsky riding a horse to death is certainly a symbol
of how he will treat Anna Karenina, for example, but edit out that
scene and nothing will have changed in the plot – we will merely
have less insight into his character in advance).</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0.14in"><font face="Calibri"><font size="3">Borski
once posited that the tower represented higher education, and its
corruption of literary values and perhaps anti-religious stances
shows the academics being cast off the tower by a rather shadowy,
winged, vampiric influence. I am not willing to ascribe this reading
to the text, but I do feel that somehow there is a commentary on
religion and learning and the effects they have on youth. Why does
Kent/Youth need to die to inspire the boy-king of thirteen to regain
sanity? Is it a symbol of sacrificial heroism?</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0.14in"><font face="Calibri"><font size="3">LITERARY
AND CULTURAL REFERENCES:</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0.14in"><font face="Calibri"><font size="3">The
opening quote from King Lear, in which Edgar spouts nonsense, is
unfortunately potentially rife with allusive powers: “Child Rowland
to the dark tower came, His word was still, - Fire, foh, and fum, I
smell the blood of a British man.” While we know that <i>King Lear</i>
is clearly referenced here with Gloucester and Kent, it is
conceivable that “The Song of Roland”, Browning’s poem “Child
Rowland to the Dark Tower Came”, and Jack and the Beanstalk are all
invoked. (Does Wolfe dream doggerel Shakespeare quotations? )
Certainly the quote shows how even mad verse with no meaning gains
great significance culturally over time – we can read that and are
instantly reminded of a poem and the story of a Giant falling to his
death. Since Shakespeare begins with S, I think he should be the
focus of our analysis. </font></font>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0.14in"><font face="Calibri"><font size="3">Quickly,
Lear involves a possibly senile king allowing false words of love
from two insincere daughters to sunder his kingdom as he casts out a
less obsequious but more loving one. The Earl of Kent is banished
for objecting to the injustice of this decision, while Gloucester's
legitimate and illegitimate sons come into conflict, with the
illegitimate one tricking Gloucester into mistrusting his son Edgar
(whose quote begins our Wolfe story). Edgar disguises himself as a
madman, and also Kent returns in disguise to serve Lear. Gloucester
is blinded and wants to jump to his death, but is dissuaded by Edgar,
who convinces Gloucester he has miraculously survived a great fall.
This plot element of King Lear resonates most with the jump of Kent
in the end of Wolfe's story as he seeks to become Superman – and
inspire the King, perhaps hoping to cure him of his insanity in his
renewed, impressionable young state. When Lear dies in the
Shakespearean play, he wants to leave the kingdom to Kent and Edgar,
but Kent refuses, saying that he must leave. Gloucester and the King
die in the play, but in Wolfe's story Kent is the only one to die (in
a suicidal leap).</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0.14in"><font face="Calibri"><font size="3">Jack
and the Bean Stock and the mighty foliage with the castle in the sky,
ending with a mighty fall, could also mimic that leap at the end of
Wolfe's story, but the <i>King Lear</i> analogies seem strongest.</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0.14in"><font face="Calibri"><font size="3">Besides
the tower of the Browning poem, there is little relationships between
Wolfe's story and the poem. In Browning's version, it seems that
Roland travels across a decimated and forlorn landscape, his fellow
knights ignominiously dead, guided by a mystic he mistrusts but
follows anyway, to almost pass by but finally see the dark tower and
blow his horn, ending the poem. The Song of Roland, a more heroic
work, involves the conflict between the Muslims and Charlemagne.
Roland here is betrayed by his Uncle, and refuses to blow his horn to
call for reinforcements from Charlemagne until his entire regiment
perishes from his Uncle Ganelon's treachery. I have always felt the
blowing of the horn in the Browning poem acknowledged a futile kind
of death given symbolic form in the appearance of the dark tower (a
goal which is reached but never entered), but there are no horns in
Wolfe's story, so I see little reason to list either of these works
as intrinsic to the understanding of the story, as the tower is
present in Shakespeare's nonsense verse as well.</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0.14in"><font face="Calibri"><font size="3">CONNECTION
WITH OTHER WORKS:</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0.14in"><font face="Calibri"><font size="3">The
treatment of S and Gloucester’s association with a mathematical
command and a physical tool shows the interesting take on letters as
almost hieroglyphic representations that Wolfe plays with in all
manner of ways – in describing the letters of the name Johann as
character attributes in “Silhouette”, in scenes in New Sun in
which the word “last” contains a serpent and a sword, in “Cues”
where missing and misplaced letters are indicative of a certain tarot
deck, and in the short story “Alphabet” where creation itself
seems to be a written endeavor. Certainly the influence of Borges and
the theosophical musings that liken existence to a word from the
mouth of God, and even spirit as Logos, influence this presentation.
In many ways, “To the Dark Tower” is about this deep symbolic
depth in our systems of representation, and perhaps it shows a kind
of almost rational progression from dream images to ideal
representations onward to the creation of practical symbols and
functions that are somehow all indirectly related, but related
nevertheless.</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0.14in"><font face="Calibri"><font size="3">I
feel that this is one of the more obvious forays into metafiction
that some of Wolfe's more postmodern work occasionally approaches,
such as “The Last Thrilling Wonder Story”, and as such it is
difficult to pin down exactly how concrete the conflict and symbols
can actually be – ie, can we tell what the penned Pisces is, or who
the flame eyed attendants of the king are?</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0.14in"><font face="Calibri"><font size="3">UNANSWERED
QUESTIONS:</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0.14in"><font face="Calibri"><font size="3">Besides
showing the vast connotations of the letter S (or things that look
like it), why should the story be so sibilant? Why are there no
serpents?</font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0.14in"><br><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0.14in"><font face="Calibri"><font size="3">What
do the Bison and the Pisces saved from poisoned waters really
symbolize? I have posited that the Bison is the demiurge through its
ruling of an unspoiled America (Land of the Free and what not) and
through its connection to the Bull/Taurus that is Gene Wolfe's Zodiac
sign, speaking as the “King” as demiurge and author and also
assuming something of the qualities of the Judeo Christian God,
returning as boy, but that is mere supposition. </font></font>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0.14in"><font face="Calibri"><font size="3">Who
is the King? He says that he is “scientist” and “sorcerer”.
The statement “In the dream of serving others, they have served me”
creates a fairly Christian ideology (as well as reconstituting
himself as a young boy), but immediately mentioning the penned whale
saved from poison creates a slightly more negative impression. He
seems to be able to transcend time and his tower is possibly
infinite, but is he truly omnipotent if the rats can eat away his
tower and existence fail? It seems that this reality is meant to be
“behind” ours and outside of time, because Gloucester knows there
are footprints on the moon even though his setting is supposedly the
past. What are the rats that eat the tower? Is the idea of the death
of God intrinsic to the concept of the Ubermensch poisoning the King,
too? Instead of the Superman killing God, the superman here, devoid
of actual super powers, sacrifices himself to perhaps help renew and
inspire the King. Is the story about the hubris of reaching for the
heavens in a tower to the sky, and is the final sacrifice Kent makes
successful?</font></font></p>
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