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<p style="margin-bottom:0in">The Marvelous Brass Chessplaying
Automaton*</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">*I am almost finished with my
“Silhouette” write up but still need to finish reading two novels
mentioned in the text for research to see if any new connections
arise, so I am proceeding with a few of the short stories to more
quickly close out the 1970s.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">“The Marvelous Brass Chess Playing
Automaton”, reprinted in Storeys From The Old Hotel, was first published in 1977 in <i>Universe 7. </i></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">SUMMARY WITH SOME GEOGRAPHICAL DETAILS:
The story begins with Lame Hans in jail with his knees up against
the bars, playing the machine, pitied by the narrator, the man who
brings him food in jail. It is clear that there are some remnants of
high technology, with weather satellites still in the air even in a
post-nuclear war era characterized by arid, hot droughts. The women
form lines and circles to supplicate for rain on the remains of the
Schlossberg (Castle Hill – historically the site of a fortress and
tree covered hill in Graz, Austria, though the village is called Oder
in the story and is most probably Frankfurt, whose fortress-like
nature was intended to block the Red Army's advance to Berlin).
During a truce in the current German-Russian war, Herr Heitzmann
comes (it is still hot after dark) with his chess painted wagon and
Lame Hans. That night, in a candlelit inn, Heitzmann challenges the
learned men of the town, Baumeister and Eckardt, if they know of any
of the great computers of the past age to have survived. When they
reply in the negative, he boasts he has the only one, which, instead
of controlling human affairs, plays chess. He indicates he is taking
it to Dresden, then avers that it cannot be defeated.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Baumeister accepts his challenge and
six men carry in the machine. As the game begins, after Baumeister
makes the first move and before he can sit, the machine responds with
a smooth movement of its own piece. Its reactions are instantaneous.
After ten moves Baumeister believes a man must be inside and demands
a look. Heitzmann removes both panels so that the machine can be
seen through, with its circuit cards and innards exposed, and when
they are replaced and the game resumes, Baumeister loses in 22 moves.
Albricht the moneylender then bets and loses in 14 moves.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Baumeister offers to buy it, and
Heitzmann gets him up to 750 kilomarks as is. Doctor Eckardt
continues to play with the machine into the night, losing 3 games.
The dwarf Lame Hans limps in and rents a garret for ten marks. Here
our narrator reveals that from here many things rely on the testimony
of Lame Hans, who has no reason to lie, and that somehow Gretchen and
the dwarf Hans fell in love that night.
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><a name="_GoBack"></a>In the morning,
the machine will not play chess for Baumeister. He talks with Lame
Hans, who reveals some insight into Baumeister's chess weaknesses.
Knowing he was swindled, Baumeister believes he can sell two of his
houses to recover the purchase price of the machine (giving us a
fairly good idea of how expensive the machine is, though the ability
of Herr Heitzmann to front 2000 kilomarks later is a bit
astonishing). Baumeister acknowledges, “I would be willing to
believe that you know a great deal about anything. You play like the
devil himself,” of Hans.</p>
<p>A flyer is released with a challenge in the village of Oder Spree
in front of the Inn of the Golden Apples for prospective players to
wager against the machine. Hans meets Heitzmann at the Scharzthor in
Furthenwald to extend the challenge. Hans offers to defeat the
machine if Baumeister can get it operational for the challenge,
boasting, “I can beat anybody – you know that.” Heitzmann
fronts Hans 2000 kilomarks and then follows him in a plastiskin mask.</p>
<p>Hans plans to open a tobacco shop with Gretchen, and he and
Baumeister decide Gretchen can operate the machine according to a
preset game. He contemplates the sounds of the artillery and the
marching of the German forces against the Russians trapped at
Kostrzyn (a Polish town – most definitely Kostrzyn nad Odra on the
Polish German border rather than the more centrally located Kostrzyn)
as they go over the preset strategy, Gretchen stating she is not
afraid, since for the prospect of marriage and a shop, she “would
do much worse things than to hide in this thing that looks like a
stove, and play a game.”</p>
<p>Hans shows Baumeister how he hides in the machine, where a panel
provides coverage when the chessboard is unfolded as he lifts his
body up to avoid detection when the machine is open. The iron black
pieces are magnetic, and Gretchen has a hard time getting in the
machine. She must remove her gown and shift to get inside.
</p>
<p>The machine is carried out, and the men of the street are glad
they aren't in the army who “serve one of those big guns, which get
hot enough to poach an egg after half a dozen shots, even in ordinary
weather.”</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Hans does not appear until the last
possible second to play the scheduled game, arriving right at the
strike of 9. After five moves, the queen pauses in its movement,
stopping a square short, and then Hans adapts so that he should lose
regardless. The machine proceeds to attack him in an original
fashion, and he hears the guns attacking the Russians booming, and
hesitates at the final move which would consign him to the planned
loss. Hans considers that Gretchen has kicked and made the machine
work.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">The desire to play chess with someone
skillful begins to overtake him as more attractive than a tobacco
shop. He begins to play to win, and the machine proves capable of
defeating him. At this point Herr Heitzmann in his disguise calls
out “Cheat, Cheat”. When the policemen go to open the machine,
they are careful not to burn their hands. They pull out Gretchen, who
has been dead some time and is getting stiff.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Baumeister and Hans are arrested, and
Hans plays the machine every day, which no longer functions, moving
both sides by hand and always letting the black side win. The
narrator says, “Sometimes when he is not quick enough to move the
black queen, I see her begin to rock and to slide herself, and the
dials and the console lights to glow with impatience and then Hans
must reach out and take her to her new position … I have heard that
many who have been twisted by the old wars have these psychokinetic
abilities without knowing it; and Professor Baumeister, who is in the
cell next to his, says that someday a technology may be founded on
them.”</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">DISCUSSION: For all its small details
of a post nuclear and technologically regressed society which seems
to have the class structure of 18th-19th century Europe, this
particular story is very straightforward in that the solution posited
by the narrator at the end actually fits better to explain events
than several other possibilities: Lame Hans has some kind of
psychokinetic and telepathic abilities with his giant head attached
to that small body.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Two other possibilities are that the
machine actually worked for one day, though the original premise is
of course that a machine didn't survive which was believed to have
done so. The other is a quite literal Deus ex machina: the ghost of
Gretchen in the machine. Unfortunately, she doesn't know how to play
chess, and whatever is operating the machine is quite skilled, as
skilled as Hans, who can “beat anyone”. He considers that
Gretchen might have merely been pretending not to know how to play
“(But he knew that she had not been deceiving him.)”
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">It is easy to buy the mental powers of
Hans not only because of his huge head, but because he never loses at
Chess until that final match. He moves immediately, as if he knows
what his opponent is going to do. This intellect seems more akin to
intuition – why is he so good at chess, “like the Devil”?
Because his mental powers extend beyond himself, into the minds of
others. With nascent but subconscious telepathy and psychokinesis, we
can explain his great talent at chess and the motions of the machine.
Hans also winds up playing himself over and over at the end, always
losing to the black “machine” side.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">The small details of the story, like
the remains of Schlossburg and the extent satellites in a clearly
technologically regressed society, as well as the extreme heat even
after the sun sets, portrays a thorough picture of a society which
has stepped backwards, and presages some of the better plot and style
effects of New Sun, though the old technology still operates more
reliably in that setting.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">SETTING: The technology mentioned in
attacking the Russians trapped in Kostrzyn involves wood-fired steam
tractors, as they explore the possibility of turning them into tanks
with armor and a canon, the narrator thinking “ so that the knights
of the chessboard would exist in reality once more.” The Russians
are using powered balloons, and the still air of the summer grants
them an aerial advantage. Since it has been almost a hundred years
since computer parts were mass produced, the earliest that the story
could take place would probably be the end of the 21<sup><font>st</font></sup>
century and is probably a bit later. The action is set in the state
of Brandenburg, Germany on the Polish-German border</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">THE TEXT ON WHAT CONTROLS MAN’S
DESTINY:</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">“[The ancient computers] based their
extrapolations on numbers. That worked well enough as long as money,
which is easily measured numerically, was the principal motivating
force in human affairs. But as time progressed, human actions became
responsive instead to a multitude of incommensurable vectors; the
computer’s predictions failed, the civilizations they had shaped
collapsed, and parts for the machines were no longer obtainable or
desirable.”
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">MYTHIC ALLUSIONS:</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">The inn is named after the Golden
Apples, but in this case I do not think it refers to the apple of
discord which began the Trojan War when Paris decided to award it to
Aphrodite and start the Trojan War, but rather the three golden
apples given to Hippomenes which allowed him to distract Atalanta so
that he could win a race against her and marry her, indicating the
triumph of intellect and trickery over raw speed and power, which
fits with Lame Hans' character a bit better (note the plural apples
in the name of the inn).</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">LITERARY ALLUSIONS:</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">While Bierce's “Moxon's Machine”
deals with a murderous chess playing construct, the actual machine
more closely resembles the situation discussed in Poe's “Maelzel's
Chess Player”, an essay examining why the historical mechanical
chess player known as The Turk was fraudulent. He mentions theories
that involve a dwarf and a thin tall child, but eventually settles on
a solution that involves the pattern the operator displays the
internal workings of the machine to his audience, relying on shadow
at times to hide the movement of the possibly full sized operator
within:</p>
<p>“For example, he has been known to open, first of all, the
drawer — but he never opens the main compartment without first
closing the back door of cupboard No. 1 — he never opens the main
compartment without first pulling out the drawer — he never shuts
the drawer without first shutting the main compartment — he never
opens the back door of cupboard No. 1 while the main compartment is
open — and the game of chess is never commenced until the whole
machine is closed.”
</p>
<p>He concludes that the automaton uses its left hand because the
mechanism to control its movement is inside the shoulder, accessible
by the right hand of the person inside it. Some of the description
Hans gives about holding his body above in a compartment and the
natural darkness inside the machine concealing him from view at a
certain point matches Poe's essay closely, though the Brass Chess
Playing Automaton does not seem to have an anthropomorphic
attachment.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Poe's essay mentions other automatons
such as the Magician of Maillardet and the duck of Vaucanson.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">CHARACTER NAMES:</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">The names in general seem to have
little bearing on the actual plot, but for the sake of completion:</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Lame Hans: A form of John, meaning
“gift from God”. He uses the pseudonym Herr Zimmer, which means
“room or chamber”.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Albricht the moneylender: his name is a
derivation of the word meaning “noble” and “shining or bright”,
one of the oldest names in Germany. Ironic that he is a moneylender,
perhaps showing the regression of the society.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Father Karl - meaning “free man” or
“strong”, he runs the church.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Doctor Eckardt – a name indicating
“the strong point of a sword” or “brave edge”, though this
version is missing the h.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Burgermeister Landsteiner (also the
name of the scientist who originally categorized blood types). Could
mean land-stone.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Gretchen – described as “the fat
blond serving girl who usually cracked jokes with the soldiers and
banged down their plates”, her name means “pearl” and can be
derived from Margaret (the popularity of this name increased after
Goethe's<i> Faust</i>, and the similarity in publication date of this
story to “Silhouette”, with its dominant German future, shows
Wolfe's interest in German names and themes at this time). Also
interesting in light of the statement that Lame Hans “plays like
the devil himself”.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Professor Baumeister - the
distinguished visitor, his name means “master builder.”</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Scheer the innkeeper- someone who makes
scissors – the cutting connotation might resonate in the story in
the manner that he prices his various lodgings.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Von Koblenz – leader of the German
Army, attacking the Russians and marching up the Oder Valley. Hans
believes he should advance only to Glogow. Koblenz is a place name
which means “confluence”, where two rivers meet.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Willi Schacht the strong smith’s
apprentice – an occupational name for someone who makes shafts for
tools.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">UNANSWERED QUESTIONS: There seem to be
very few in this, save for whether or not the jailer's assumption
that Hans does indeed play himself are true, which seems to fit the
evidence. Perhaps the close metaphorical association of the chess
game with the war between Germany and Russia (makeshift tanks as
knights) gives some indication of who will actually win the battle at
the Polish-German border, considering that Hans tells Baumeister he
should use his knights more carefully and then thinks later that he
would run things differently than those in charge of Von Koblenz'
army, but this is mere speculation.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">CONNECTION WITH OTHER WORKS: This is a
pretty straightforward story for Wolfe for all its fine detail, but
the future resembling the past is a fairly consistent motif in his
writing.
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">We should note the limp of Lame Hans,
evidenced in the walk of the devil in Wolfe's very early “Easter
Sunday” and also present in the main character of “Silhouette”,
Johann, (which also features women whose names are based off of
Margaret from Faust). Castle (from <i>Operation Ares)</i>, Severian,
and Silk will also share this feature. The strange dwarf twisted by
science and radiation to develop mental powers is perhaps present in
“Tracking Song”, while the dwarf in “King Under the Mountain”,
even though he exercises great control over the surface, lurks
beneath like a shrunken and repressed id seizing control. There is
definitely this tension between the conscious and subconscious in
Lame Hans, who probably loses the chess match with his subconscious
powers (and contemplates that perhaps the tobacco shop won't make him
happy, as a worthy chess adversary would – but he might be good at
chess primarily because of his unknown mental powers). Eventually in
this short story project, we will discuss the false leg of Wolfe's
grandfather in conjunction with the limp, as it is specifically
referenced in “How I Got Three Zip Codes.”</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Malzberg and Jack Dann used this as the
basis for their sequel, “Tourist Trap” in <i>Shadows of the New
Sun</i>. It is worth analyzing this story briefly so that I can talk
about the intrinsic destabilization of a more postmodern work. I am
not certain that the same logical approach I always take to Wolfe,
where hypothesis that are implied but perhaps not overtly stated are
used to explain other gaps in the narrative, will work on a writer
like Malzberg, who seems to begin with the premise of insanity as a
presupposition and favors extremely subjective but inconsistent
viewpoints in many of his works, such as <i>Beyond Apollo</i>.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Their story is also narrated by a man
bringing Hans his food as a jailer. Here Hans claims the computer is
moving by itself, though it is not plugged in, though the jailer
denies it. The Black Queen moves when Hans goes to demonstrate it.
The narrator checks to make sure no one is inside. The narrator
claims that Hans is ahead of the machine by 160 games to 22. This
jailer sees it as “a dull refraction of Lame Hans's madness.” The
narrator claims that he is in the state of Bavaria, though the
original seems to be set in Brandenburg. He does imagine that Hans
has created a persona to inflate his own ego, since jailers “see
aspects of prisoners that they do not see themselves.” In this
story, Hans calls his jail cell Plato's Cave, which “has something
to do with idealization as opposed to the grim actuality furnished
within the Bavarian compass”. Hans invites his jailer to play as
the white side, since he has eliminated the machine after 160
victories, saying the jailer has now taken the machine's place in the
second series.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">It is here revealed that Hans is
something of a tourist attraction, reenacting the tournament that
resulted in Gretchen's death, and the narrator's own attempt to flee
to the north ended by being detained at the border, resulting in
being sentenced to the role of Han's jailer, with more freedom than
Hans, who is occasionally interrogated (for what?).
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">“The good aspect of totalitarianism
is that it grinds all of its subjects into a monotony of feeling and
circumstance” - the story seems to flirt with criticism of a
totalitarian state almost totally absent in the original Wolfe story,
with its professor owning two houses and using university money as
well as the possibility of Hans owning a store … the operating
system of the community seems completely different in this story.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Our narrator continues:</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">“The question of who is the prisoner,
who the guardian, seems quite abstract at this moment. 'Gretchen
suffocated,' I observed pointlessly. 'So she did. Life itself is a
dismal affliction, an imposition upon us. We breath, we do not
breathe; it is all the same. Like totalitarianism. Life itself is a
species of suffocation. We are now on the clock. An imaginary clock
of course, but no less determinant for all of this.'”</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">At this point our narrator realizes
that “Bavaria is more than Bavarian: It is the world itself.”
As the game continues, the narrative spins outwards from an objective
viewpoint:</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">“'Mate in ten moves,' he said. 'By
the way,' he added, 'all of this is in your imagination.' As if from
a great distance, gasps and throttles come from somewhere behind him,
deep in his cell. Gretchen is suffocating again.”<br><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">This ending might resemble the
disintegration at the culmination of Wolfe stories such as “Melting”,
where the narrative point of view simply disappears into something
much more subjective, but I contend that Wolfe operates slightly
differently than Malzberg (not sure how much of Dann's style is in
the ending). Malzberg's reliance on subjective immersion almost
always creates a sea of insuperable insanity from which we cannot
claw free, whereas in “Melting”, the name John Edwards shows a
theological perspective to that angry disintegration of our character
and the appearance of a previously unknown “I” claiming that it
is getting tired of everyone in the wake of our viewpoint character
simply melting: Buddhist principals and Christian sermons create
sense of this melting. In Wolfe, reality still has some objective
explanation, even if it is in the mind of an angered deity and
vessels who temporarily have physical existence before returning to
purely spiritual reservoirs.
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">“Tourist Trap” is completely
different, indicating that a totalitarian existence destroys
individuality and blurs the line between jailer and jailed, but
giving us little to contextualize this “imaginary” ending.
Malzberg and Dann may have latched onto the mental powers of Hans,
but it seems that society itself is under attack for creating this
system without liberty that leads only to insanity. Is our narrator
trapped inside the machine and suffocating? Yes, but it might not be
the chess playing machine, but the machine of the jail and of a
society without freedom, with no egress. Hans, too, seems trapped by
the memory of Gretchen suffocating, an ideal that he might be
projecting upon reality here. Whether the story indicates that our
jailer is suffocating, literally trapped in the machine, or simply
trapped in a restrictive social system that effectively makes life an
illusory dream, it is difficult to ascribe an objective reality to
the story in light of the last two paragraphs. For this reason, I
feel that Wolfe's stories might often parade as postmodern, but only
in the rarest of instances does thematic closure require a complete
overthrowing of basic plot and story elements as if they don't matter
or exist in an objective framework that is ultimately more or less
discernible.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
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