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<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">“Straw” first appeared in <i>Galaxy</i>
(the table of contents of Storeys from the Old Hotel says in 1974,
but other evidence indicates it was the January 1975 edition of the
magazine).</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">SUMMARY:</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">The narrator Jerr, thinks back on when
he was 17 years old and killed his first man – he had joined a
group of five air balloon freelancers who ran into lean times and
were almost out of straw and food. The day he speaks of he saw a
flock of geese fly underneath in the form of a pike head, and this
proved an omen of approaching battle. He had joined the troupe after
knocking down one of the members Derek, who insulted his family
goose, and left a life behind the plow.
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">They ran out of straw after some
tension between the strong and large female Barcata and the man who
pilots the balloon, Clow. After a slight crash, they were greeted by
the Baron Ascolot and his men, and after confirming that they are
“floating swords” for hire, Ascolot's son insulted the narrator,
saying “If that boy is high-hearted, or a fierce fighter, either,
I'll eat his breeks.” Jerr deployed the pincer of his spring loaded
mace and pulled the man from his horse.
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">The captain Miles apologized, but
Ascolot said his son must learn humility and invited them back to his
villa, claiming there was no straw. He provided them a feast at
which his daughters distracted Derek and Barcata, and in the night
Jerr found stables full of straw. When he told his captain, the
captain merely showed him black smoke in the distance and said,
“That's why there's no straw here. Gold but no straw, because a
soldier gets straw only where he isn't welcome. They'll reach the
river there by sundown, and I'm told it can be forded at this
season.” The invaders, the fire-wights who burn straw, come at
moonrise.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">COMMENTARY AND ARTHURIAN REFERENCE:</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">There is a gimmick in the background of
the story that most Wolfe stories don't have: what if simple,
possible inventions could have happened ages before their actual
conception in the world? How would they be applied? In this case,
the value of straw becomes something like the value of petroleum
based fuel – a commodity that allows a strong bargaining posture.
This seems like a realistic SF story situated in a historical setting
rather than an alternate history, but it should probably be
categorized as such.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">The name Ascolot is intimately related
to the Arthurian myths of Lancelot and Gawain. More importantly, it
gives us a relative context for the war. Lancelot stayed at Ascolot
and the daughter of the household, the Maid of Ascolot fell in love
with him and later flirted with Gawain. This also clues us in to a
possible time for the action: a fifth century battle between the
Britons led by King Arthur and the invading Saxons.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Wolfe's statements about his motivation
specifically mention the date the myth of Arthur is historically
ensconced, as well:</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">“'Straw' is fundamentally a hot-air
ballooning story. Every so often I like to think of things that could
have been invented a long time before they actually were - or that
might easily have been invented but weren't. For example, for
hundreds of years, wars among the Greeks (possibly the most
brilliantly creative people in history) were fought by heavy
infantrymen armed with long spears and circular shields. Most of them
were won by the Spartans, the acknowledged masters of hoplite
warfare. Then, around 379 BC, Thebes produced a general of real
genius named Epaminonandas. And Epaminondas came up with the simplest
<em>great</em> military innovation I know of: he cut a notch out of
each round shield. That was all it was. Instead of looking like a
whole cracker, the shield looked like a cracker from which a tiny
bite had been taken. But that bite permitted the soldier to use his
left hand to assist his right in managing his long spear, and the
Thebans crushed the Spartans at Leuctra.
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">"The point is that Epaminondas'
notch could have been cut a thousand years sooner -- in Homer's day,
for example. In the same way, it seems obvious that the hot-air
balloon could have been invented well before the end of the ancient
world. You need a little rope (it's been around for a long time), a
lot of silk (which by then was coming steadily along the spice
routes), some straw, and an iron basket to burn it in. There are no
moving parts, and the design is simplicity itself -- a bag held over
a fire. But if the hot-air balloon had been invented in 500 AD, what
would have been done with it?”</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Given this date and the Arthurian
reference, I was looking for one that would explain the name Clow, as
a few of the statements around his character are cryptic. Unless it
was a shortening of Claudin, son of the Frankish villain Claudus, and
one of the 12 knights who eventually finds the holy grail, I could
find none.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">The wolfe-wiki mentions the meaning of
the names for the characters: Miles means Soldier in Latin, Barcata
implies trousered, and Derek Germanic for leader. Certainly Barcata
is a woman who wears pants.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">There is also the sign that either the
roads or great houses have been completely destroyed by the
fire-wights (firemen): “it was a big house, all built of white
brick with gardens and outbuildings, and a road that ran up to the
door. There are none like that now, I suppose.” It is also hinted
that riding in a balloon was once common and is now rare, possible
because the fire-wights burn all the straw they get their hands on.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">THE INVENTIONS:</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Spring loaded pikes with heads that
launch which are charged by pounding them against the ground to
compress the spring, hot air balloons, a spring loaded mace with a
pincer/plier grip, and mitts with retractable claws – all simple
innovations which make the combat sound a bit exotic.
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">WOMEN IN WOLFE</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">As I think back on the female
characters we have been exposed to this far in Wolfe's writing
career, we have seen mysterious elderly secretive types with
ambiguous motives (Aunt Jeanine, Mother Cloot, even Aunt Olivia [who
in my opinion is one of his finest female characters]), maybe one or
two needy love interests or pity inducing characters, some of them
prostitutes (here I am thinking of “It's Very Clean,” “Going to
the Beach,” or even “Sonya, Crane Wessleman, and Kittee”),
traitorous ones (“Hour of Trust”) but this is the first time we
have a big strong potentially lesbian character which will be
repeated in General Saba (who is more bovine). Gunny in Urth of the
New Sun perhaps escapes the lesbian connotations but proves
traitorous in the final analysis. There is definitely an adversarial
attitude between Clow and Barcata: he snidely comments that “nearly
any woman will fight if she can get behind you”.
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Jerr is then legitimately afraid that
she will go for him, and thinks that it will take 3 of them together
to get her out of the balloon … and that by then they would
probably be dead. Barcata is a man hater to some degree, and the
wolfe-wiki doesn't seem to pick up on this: Jerr is lucky to eat
anything sitting next to her, and Barcata's interest in the girl at
the party, putting her arm around her to warn her of men, is a
lesbian advance. Without the distraction of the girls, Derek and
Barcata would have left nothing for Jerr to eat. So we finally have a
girl who would physically be able to kill all of the men around her
in Wolfe ...</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">While Barcata is a strong woman, she
doesn't quite escape that particular stereotype of the physically
powerful and resentful lesbian.
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">CLOW AND THE NARRATOR:</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Yet there is also something a bit more
subtle at work in the text, and the odd juxtaposition of the
following: “She was afraid of Clow. I found out why later … Clow
was the only one I was not frightened by, but that is another story,
too.” Try as I might, I couldn't find much indication of the
reason that Barcata would fear Clow and Jerr would fear everyone but
Clow, unless, this, too, stemmed from sexuality.
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">After his bitter statement about women,
Clow pulls out a throwing spike and “feigns” cleaning his nails.
Later, he pulls out a bit of cherry wood and begins carving a woman
out of it. There is little indication that Clow or Jerr have any
interest in the Baron's daughters. There must be a reason that Jerr
does not fear Clow and fears all the rest, but it is unclear that
there is enough information in the story to make any but the vaguest
guesses of an intimate relationship between Clow and Jerr that, if
discovered, would make the rest worth being frightened of. (I tend to
shun Borski's claims that Marsch noticing the state of Trenchard's
penis in V.R.T. indicates anything of the sort, and there is
admittedly almost no sexual imagery one way or the other in “Straw”,
so it is not necessarily a textually based assertion).</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">If Clow is some kind of historical
cognate of Claudin, the cast out son of a Frankish King who wants
nothing to do with his father and instead joins a band of roving
knights based on principles of purity and goodness, then perhaps it
is his royal blood that she fears, but that is a tenuous, sketchy
connection I am not willing to truly invest in, as there is little
indication of Clow's background.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER WORK:</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Taking a historical event, changing it
slightly, and re-imagining it are present in Wolfe novels such as <i>The
Devil in a Forest </i>and the <i>Soldier </i>series, but this is
taking a highly romanticized event such as the myths surrounding the
Anglo-Saxon wars near the 5<sup><font>th</font></sup> century AD, turning them
realistic, and introducing possible inventions that would have
changed the world, in this case, spring loaded and tool based
weaponry and the hot air balloon. I suppose it may be categorized as
alternate history, but it is a bit more subtle than the almost cliché
“what if Germany had won WWII?”
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">I suppose I might as well talk about
how this work is echoed in David Drake's homage in <i>Shadows of the
New Sun</i>, “Bedding” with a brief look at that story. Instead
of a coming conflict, it shows a balloon mercenary troupe leaving
after a battle in which their crossbowman is injured severely in the
arm. There also seems to be five: The captain, the narrator Chris
Bagnell (an Anglo-Saxon surname), the injured Siltsy, a strong but
slow boy named Diccon, and a female named Birgitta. It also makes
use of the statement in “Straw” that straw is plentiful when a
balloon soldier is no longer welcome.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">The purse the narrator of "Straw" toys
with is reflected in the purse Chris Bagnell uses to provide for and
pay off his local girlfriend. The Baron who hired them is very
nervous about them leaving and has his own crossbows ready in case
they don't.
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Rather than the city of Ascolot, it is
set in Gotham, which could be the traditional English setting or
refer to the ruins of New York … for unlike Straw, this is actually
a far future tale. The names of the characters would seem to be
primarily European in nature, however. When the girl's ten year old
brother tries to stop Chris from leaving, he has a pistol given to
him by Chris, whose bullets are long dead, allowing Chris to survive
and tie up the boy. So while Wolfe's story posits inventions before
their time, Drake's looks at the return of halberds, horses, and
balloons, and baronial life far after their time is gone. It turns
out that the Captain and Chris went through exactly the same struggle
in the past, with Chris vowing to track down the Captain (whose gun
it was) and ultimately joining him, thus the theme of history
repeating itself throughout Drake's story.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">UNANSWERED QUESTIONS:</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">
Is the name Clow short for anything?
Are the fire-wights Saxon invaders or does this story take place a
wee bit later? Is the purse Jerr indicates to his listener in the
present tense the same purse as the captains, indicating that Jerr
takes his place? Did the captain die in this struggle?</p>
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